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leatherleaf airplant, tillandsia cambiante

bromeliad family, pineapple family

Habit Plants usually single, rarely clustering, flowering to 40 cm. Herbs, perennial, terrestrial, among or on rocks, or epiphytic.
Roots

usually present, often poorly developed in epiphytic taxa.

Stems

short.

very short to very elongate.

Leaves

15–20, many-ranked, spreading, gray-green or flushed rose, 12–30 × 1–2 cm, finely appressed-scaly;

sheath pale to nearly chestnut brown, ovate, flat, not forming pseudobulb, 2–4 cm wide;

blade narrowly triangular, tapering evenly from base to apex, nearly plane to channeled, soft, brittle, margins involute, apex attentuate.

usually spirally arranged, forming water-impounding rosette, occasionally lax and/or 2-ranked, simple, margins serrate or entire, trichomes nearly always covering surface, peltate, water-absorbing.

Inflorescences

scape conspicuous, erect or ascending, 3–10 cm, 2–5 mm diam.;

bracts densely imbricate, erect, blade often hanging, like leaves but gradually smaller;

sheath of bracts narrowing abruptly into blade;

spikes erect or ascending, never palmate, linear, compressed, 5–20 × 0.8–1.2 cm, apex acute; simple or laxly 2–3 lateral branches.

terminal or lateral, sessile to scapose, simple or compound;

bracts usually present, conspicuous.

Flowers

5–30, conspicuous;

sepals with adaxial pair connate, oblong, keeled, 1.5–1.8 cm, thin-leathery, slightly veined, apex obtuse, surfaces glabrous;

corolla tubular, petals erect, lavender-blue, ligulate, to 3 cm;

stamens exserted;

stigma exserted, conduplicate-spiral.

bisexual or functionally unisexual, radially symmetric to slightly bilaterally symmetric;

perianth in 2 distinct sets of 3;

stamens in 2 series of 3;

ovary inferior or superior;

placentation axile.

Fruits

to 3 cm.

capsules or berries.

Seeds

plumose, winged, or unappendaged.

Floral

bracts laxly imbricate, erect, green, red, or purple, broad (covering all or most of rachis, rachis not visible at anthesis), elliptic, keeled toward apex, 1.8–2 × 0.6–0.9 cm, leathery, base visible in fruit, apex acute, surfaces glabrous.

Tillandsia variabilis

Bromeliaceae

Phenology Flowering spring–fall.
Habitat Epiphytic in moist, shaded habitats
Elevation 0–30 m (0–100 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
FL; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Widely distributed in the Neotropics (1 species in West Africa)
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Bromeliaceae contain three subfamilies: Bromelioideae, Pitcairnioideae, and Tillandsioideae. Generic circumscriptions are problematic, especially in parts of the Bromelioideae and Tillandsioideae.

Pineapple, Ananas comosus (Linnaeus) Merrill, the only agriculturally important member of the family, is in worldwide cultivation in tropical climates. Horticultural interest in bromeliads is widespread among the public; the Bromeliad Society, Inc. caters to that interest.

Genera 56, species 2600+ (4 genera, 19 species, and 2 natural hybrids in the flora).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Leaf margins spinose; flowers functionally unisexual, staminate and pistillate on different plants; seeds narrowly winged to almost wingless, plumose
Hechtia
1. Leaf margins entire; flowers bisexual (in flora) or functionally unisexual; seeds not winged, plumose appendages basal or apical.
→ 2
2. Inflorescences 2-ranked, 1–50(–200)-flowered
Tillandsia
2. Inflorescences many-ranked, 5–many-flowered.
→ 3
3. Floral bracts broad, conspicuous, mostly obscuring rachis, flowers laxly to densely arranged
Guzmania
3. Floral bracts small, inconspicuous, not obscuring rachis, flowers laxly arranged
Catopsis
Source FNA vol. 22. FNA vol. 22, p. 286. Authors: Harry E. Luther, Gregory K. Brown.
Parent taxa Bromeliaceae > Tillandsia
Sibling taxa
T. baileyi, T. balbisiana, T. bartramii, T. fasciculata, T. flexuosa, T. paucifolia, T. pruinosa, T. recurvata, T. setacea, T. simulata, T. usneoides, T. utriculata, T. ×floridana, T. ×smalliana
Subordinate taxa
Catopsis, Guzmania, Hechtia, Tillandsia
Synonyms T. houzeavii, T. valenzuelana
Name authority Schlechtendal: Linnaea 18:418. (1844) A. L. Jussieu
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