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stone rubberweed, Torrey's four-nerve daisy

bitterweed, four-nerve daisy

Habit Perennials, 2–15+ cm. Annuals or perennials, 2–50+ cm (perennials with ± branched, woody caudices).
Caudices

± branched, branches notably thickened distally.

Stems

1–30(–40), erect, unbranched.

1–60, erect or ± decumbent, unbranched or sparingly branched distally.

Leaves

all basal, new leaves tightly clustered;

blades (midribs usually pronounced) spatulate or oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, entire, glabrous or usually sparsely, sometimes moderately to densely, hairy, densely gland-dotted.

all basal, or basal-proximal, or basal and cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile;

blades (usually with distinct midribs) mostly oblanceolate to linear or filiform, sometimes lobed, ultimate margins usually entire, sometimes toothed, faces glabrous or ± hairy, eglandular or ± gland-dotted.

Peduncles

(0.5–)2–15 cm, ± hairy proximally, almost always densely lanate distally.

Involucres

10–12 × 12–15 mm.

hemispheric to campanulate 6–20 mm diam.

Receptacles

hemispheric to conic, shallowly pitted or smooth, epaleate.

Ray florets

7–14;

corollas 11–17 mm.

0 or 7–27, pistillate, fertile;

corollas (usually marcescent) yellow (laminae fan-shaped to oblanceolate, usually 3-lobed).

Disc florets

25–150+;

corollas yellow, 4–4.7 mm.

20–250+, bisexual, fertile;

corollas yellow proximally, yellow or purplish distally, tubes shorter than cylindric to cylindro-campanulate throats, lobes 5, ± deltate.

Phyllaries

11–60+ in 3 series (mostly spreading to erect in fruit, distinct, herbaceous; outer with or without scarious margins, abaxial faces ± hairy; mid usually same number as, alternating with, and similar to outer, almost always with ± scarious margins; inner narrower than others, margins scarious).

Outer phyllaries

4–8, 6–8.5 mm, margins (0.3–)0.5–1.2 mm wide, usually conspicuously scarious, abaxial faces ± hairy.

Heads

1–10(–40) per plant, borne singly.

radiate or discoid, borne singly or in paniculiform to corymbiform or fastigiate arrays.

Cypselae

3–4 mm;

pappi of 5–7 obovate to oblanceolate, aristate scales 3–4(–4.5) mm.

± obpyramidal, moderately to densely hairy;

pappi persistent, of 4–8 usually aristate, scales.

x

= 15.

Tetraneuris torreyana

Tetraneuris

Phenology Flowering May–Jun(–Sep).
Habitat Roadsides, hillsides, slopes, open treeless areas, edges of woods
Elevation (1300–)1700–3100 m ((4300–)5600–10200 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CO; MT; UT; WY
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
North America; Mexico
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 9 (9 in the flora).

Here, strigoso-canescent refers to often silvery induments (hairs tightly appressed, relatively short, 1–1.5 mm) of Tetraneuris argentea and T. acaulis var. acaulis. Such induments contrast with lanuginose or sericeous induments (hairs spreading, ca 1.5–3 mm) in other taxa, including T. ivesiana and the other three varieties of T. acaulis.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Annuals
T. linearifolia
1. Perennials (with caudices)
→ 2
2. Caudices: branches not notably thickened distally; leaves all basal-proximal (not tightly clustered, internodes often evident)
→ 3
2. Caudices: branches notably thickened distally; leaves all basal or basal and cauline (basal leaves tightly clustered, internodes usually not evident)
→ 4
3. Stems erect; leaves sparsely to densely hairy, not woolly; Colorado, Kansas,Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas
T. scaposa
3. Stems erect or ± decumbent; leaves moderately to densely woolly; s Texas
T. turneri
4. Leaves basal and cauline
→ 5
4. Leaves all basal
→ 6
5. Leaf blades ± densely strigoso-canescent
T. argentea
5. Leaf blades glabrous or sparsely to moderately lanuginose to sericeous
T. ivesiana
6. Ray florets 0 (leaves densely hairy, not strigoso-canescent; Yavapai County,Arizona)
T. verdiensis
6. Ray florets usually 7–27 (if 0, leaves strigoso-canescent; widespread)
→ 7
7. Rays 14–27; pappus scales usually non-aristate; Ontario, Illinois, Ohio
T. herbacea
7. Rays 7–15(–21); pappus scales aristate; North Dakota to Texas and west
→ 8
8. Leaves (midribs usually distinct) glabrous or usually sparsely, sometimes moderately or densely hairy (not strigoso-canescent or sericeous), gland-dotted; outer phyllaries 4–8, margins (0.3–)0.5–1.2 mm wide, usuallyconspicuously scarious
T. torreyana
8. Leaves (midribs not very distinct) glabrous or ± hairy, often lanuginose, sericeous, or strigoso-canescent, eglandular or ± gland-dotted; outer phyllaries 6–12, margins 0–0.4 mm wide, sometimes slightly scarious
T. acaulis
Source FNA vol. 21, p. 451. FNA vol. 21, p. 447. Authors: Mark W. Bierner, Billie L. Turner.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Gaillardiinae > Tetraneuris Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Gaillardiinae
Sibling taxa
T. acaulis, T. argentea, T. herbacea, T. ivesiana, T. linearifolia, T. scaposa, T. turneri, T. verdiensis
Subordinate taxa
T. acaulis, T. argentea, T. herbacea, T. ivesiana, T. linearifolia, T. scaposa, T. torreyana, T. turneri, T. verdiensis
Synonyms Actinella torreyana, Hymenoxys depressa, Hymenoxys lapidicola, Hymenoxys torreyana, T. depressa
Name authority (Nuttall) Greene: Pittonia 3: 265. (1898) Greene: Pittonia 3: 265. (1898)
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