Tetraneuris torreyana |
Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae subtribe Gaillardiinae |
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stone rubberweed, Torrey's four-nerve daisy |
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Habit | Perennials, 2–15+ cm. | Annuals, biennials, perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs, 3–160 cm. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Caudices | ± branched, branches notably thickened distally. |
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Stems | 1–30(–40), erect, unbranched. |
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Leaves | all basal, new leaves tightly clustered; blades (midribs usually pronounced) spatulate or oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, entire, glabrous or usually sparsely, sometimes moderately to densely, hairy, densely gland-dotted. |
basal, basal and cauline, or cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades mostly elliptic, filiform, lanceolate, linear, oblong, ovate, or spatulate, often 1–2-pinnately or -ternately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces glabrous or hairy, usually gland-dotted. |
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Peduncles | (0.5–)2–15 cm, ± hairy proximally, almost always densely lanate distally. |
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Involucres | 10–12 × 12–15 mm. |
mostly campanulate, cylindric, hemispheric, obconic, or ± rotate. |
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Receptacles | mostly conic, convex, flat, globose, hemispheric, or ovoid, epaleate (smooth or slightly to deeply pitted, sometimes with setiform enations, sometimes gland-dotted; outer disc florets rarely subtended by paleae in Amblyolepis). |
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Ray florets | 7–14; corollas 11–17 mm. |
0, or 1–55 (in 1–3 series), pistillate and fertile, or styliferous and sterile, or neuter; corollas mostly yellow to orange, sometimes wholly or partly purple, red-brown, or reddish. |
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Disc florets | 25–150+; corollas yellow, 4–4.7 mm. |
5–250+, usually bisexual and fertile, rarely functionally staminate; corollas yellow, orange, or wholly or partly purple, red-brown, or reddish, tubes much shorter than to about equaling slightly to abruptly and greatly dilated, funnelform to campanulate or urceolate throats, lobes 5, deltate to lance-deltate (equal or unequal, often attenuate, glabrous, papillate, or hairy, hairs sometimes moniliform); anther thecae pale; stigmatic papillae in 2 lines. |
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Phyllaries | persistent, 5–50+ in 2–3+ series, distinct or outer connate, mostly elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, oblong, or ovate, subequal or unequal (erect or reflexed in fruit, usually herbaceous to scarious, margins seldom scarious). |
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Outer phyllaries | 4–8, 6–8.5 mm, margins (0.3–)0.5–1.2 mm wide, usually conspicuously scarious, abaxial faces ± hairy. |
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Calyculi | 0. |
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Heads | 1–10(–40) per plant, borne singly. |
mostly radiate or discoid (rarely radiant), usually borne singly, sometimes in glomerules or corymbiform arrays. |
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Cypselae | 3–4 mm; pappi of 5–7 obovate to oblanceolate, aristate scales 3–4(–4.5) mm. |
usually obpyramidal, sometimes clavate, columnar, or obconic (lengths usually 1–2.5, rarely to 3.5 diams.), mostly densely and shaggily hairy, sometimes sparsely hairy or glabrate; pappi usually persistent, of 2–12 scales, sometimes 0 or of 35–150 bristles (Psathyrotes). |
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Tetraneuris torreyana |
Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae subtribe Gaillardiinae |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Jun(–Sep). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Roadsides, hillsides, slopes, open treeless areas, edges of woods | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | (1300–)1700–3100 m ((4300–)5600–10200 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
CO; MT; UT; WY
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Mexico; South America; Mostly sw United States |
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Discussion | Genera 12, species 123 (11 genera, 73 species in the flora). The circumscription of Gaillardiinae adopted here is that of H. Robinson (1981). In studies of epaleate Heliantheae, B. G. Baldwin adopted a narrower circumscription of the subtribe (Baldwin and B. L. Wessa 2000; Baldwin et al. 2002). Gaillardiinae in sense of Baldwin includes Balduina, Gaillardia, and Helenium; dispositions by Baldwin of other genera of Gaillardiinae in the broad sense include: Plateilema in Plateileminae, Psathyrotes and Trichoptilium in Psathyrotinae, and Amblyolepis, Baileya, Hymenoxys, Psilostrophe, and Tetraneuris in Tetraneuriinae (all in Helenieae sensu Baldwin). Psilostrophinae B. L. Turner & A. M. Powell is a superfluous name (circumscription included type of Riddelliinae O. Hoffmann). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 21, p. 451. | FNA vol. 21, p. 415. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Gaillardiinae > Tetraneuris | Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Actinella torreyana, Hymenoxys depressa, Hymenoxys lapidicola, Hymenoxys torreyana, T. depressa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | (Nuttall) Greene: Pittonia 3: 265. (1898) | Lessing: Linnaea 6: 516. (1831) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Web links |