Flora of North America species comparison

with branches 0.2–2 cm.

leaves erect-spreading, wide-spreading, falcate-secund, or homomallous, lanceolate to broadly ovate, tapering gradually or abruptly to apex;

margins often toothed in acumen;

apex acute to acuminate; ecostate or costa double, short;

alar region well defined, pigmented, cells in proximal row strongly elongate and inflated, or not inflated and walls thicker;

laminal cells usually flexuose, smooth or papillose (serially or 1-papillose);

medial cells occasionally linear.

sometimes with lateral leaves spreading and dorsal and ventral leaves appressed, contracted, smaller;

supra-alar cells few to many, subquadrate, in 1 or 2 rows, often 1 row extending up margin.

smaller, narrower;

alar cells less strongly differentiated.

reddish brown, red, or light brown, elongate, smooth.

synoicous, dioicous, phyllodioicous, or autoicous.

with exostome teeth 16, subulate, striolate;

endostome basal membrane medium to high, segments equal to and alternating with exostome teeth, cilia 1–3, appendiculate.

inclined or erect, cylindric or ovoid;

exothecial cell walls usually collenchymatous, irregularly thickened;

operculum usually rostrate;

peristome double.

smooth.

cucullate [mitrate].

spheric, 12–22 µm, smooth to finely papillose.

asexual reproduction rare, by filamentous gemmae.

asexual reproduction by flagelliferous branches or axillary filamentous propagula.

and perichaetia on stems or base of branches.