Flora of North America species comparison

5–20 mm.

1–4(–8) mm.

usually in distinct whorls, infolded, somewhat contorted, and weakly to strongly twisted around the stem when dry, wide-spreading to slightly recurved when moist, concave, spatulate, 2–4 × 1–1.5 mm;

margins revolute in the proximal 1/2–3/4, entire;

apices acute or sometimes truncate;

costa excurrent into a long, serrate, hyaline awn (reddish at base), often strongly papillose abaxially and serrulate near the apex because of projecting cell ends, red;

basal cells abruptly differentiated, long-rectangular, 45–80 × 20–30 µm, short-rectangular to quadrate at the margins;

distal cells quadrate to hexagonal, 12–17 µm, slightly bulging, bearing 4–6 papillae per cell.

incurved and slightly twisted when dry, erect to wide-spreading when moist, spatulate, (1.5–)2–3 × 0.75–1.25 mm;

margins incurved when dry, plane to erect when moist, entire or occasionally serrulate near the apex;

apices acute;

costa excurrent into a short, smooth or serrulate, yellowish or hyaline awn 1/8–1/5 the leaf length, yellow or red, rounded and sharply papillose-serrate abaxially, smooth on the adaxial surface;

basal cells gradually differentiated;

distal cells isodiametric, rounded-hexagonal, 14–22 µm, papillae abaxial, single, simple, rarely forked near the costa, cells rather thick-walled, collenchymatous;

cells elongate near leaf apex.

red, 10–18 mm.

synoicous (apparently rarely dioicous).

reportedly dioicous.

brownish red, 3–4 mm, slightly curved, with a distinct neck;

operculum 1.5–2 mm, brown;

peristome ca. 1.5 mm, the distal divisions twisted about 2 turns, red, the basal membrane white, 1/2–2/3 the total length.

9–13 µm, papillose.

asexual reproduction absent.

asexual reproduction by gemmae borne on the adaxial surface of the costa, spherical or ovoid, 4–10-celled, brown when mature, smooth.

not known from the flora region.