Flora of North America species comparison

5–20 mm.

4–12 mm.

usually in distinct whorls, infolded, somewhat contorted, and weakly to strongly twisted around the stem when dry, wide-spreading to slightly recurved when moist, concave, spatulate, 2–4 × 1–1.5 mm;

margins revolute in the proximal 1/2–3/4, entire;

apices acute or sometimes truncate;

costa excurrent into a long, serrate, hyaline awn (reddish at base), often strongly papillose abaxially and serrulate near the apex because of projecting cell ends, red;

basal cells abruptly differentiated, long-rectangular, 45–80 × 20–30 µm, short-rectangular to quadrate at the margins;

distal cells quadrate to hexagonal, 12–17 µm, slightly bulging, bearing 4–6 papillae per cell.

infolded, twisted, and slightly contorted when dry, erect-spreading when moist, narrowly or broadly spatulate, 1.8–2.8 × 0.6–0.8 mm;

margins revolute in the proximal 1/2, entire;

apices obtuse;

costa ending a few cells before the apex or percurrent, brown, smooth;

basal cells abruptly differentiated, narrower toward the margins;

distal cells rounded, polygonal, or quadrate, 12–18 µm, with 4–6 papillae per cell.

red, 10–18 mm.

red, 6 mm.

synoicous (apparently rarely dioicous).

dioicous.

brownish red, 3–4 mm, slightly curved, with a distinct neck;

operculum 1.5–2 mm, brown;

peristome ca. 1.5 mm, the distal divisions twisted about 2 turns, red, the basal membrane white, 1/2–2/3 the total length.

red, 3 mm, straight, with a distinct neck;

operculum 1.5–2mm, red;

peristome 1 mm, basal membrane 1/2–2/3 the total length, red.

9–13 µm, papillose.

10–15 µm, papillose.

asexual reproduction absent.

asexual reproduction by gemmae on the adaxial or occasionally the abaxial leaf surface of leaves, ovoid and rounded, 25–45 µm in diameter, green to brown, multicellular.