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endbeak pencilflower, pencil-flower, sidebeak pencilflower

pencil-flower

Habit Herbs, perennial, or subshrubs, unarmed; roots thickened.
Stems

herbaceous, erect or spreading, much branched, to 6 dm, glabrous, puberulent, or densely hispid.

prostrate to erect or ascending, sometimes viscid, pubescent or glabrous.

Leaves

stipular sheath 8–15-veined, glabrous or puberulent to densely hispid, teeth of distal stipules mostly shorter than sheath;

petiole 1–3 mm;

leaflet blades ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, 40–20 mm, veins 3–6 pairs, base cuneate, margins sometimes spinulose, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces sometimes punctate abaxially, glabrous.

alternate, odd-pinnate;

stipules present, foliaceous, amplexicaul, adnate to petiole for most of its length; petiolate;

leaflets 3, blade margins entire, surfaces glandular-punctate or epunctate, sometimes black-punctate, glabrous or pubescent.

Inflorescences

1–8-flowered, ovoid, to 1 cm, axis rudiment absent;

bracts usually 1-foliolate, sometimes 3-foliolate proximally, 3–6 × 2.5–5.5 mm, 5–9-veined, puberulent to densely hispid;

outer bracteole 2–3 mm, apex glabrous or ciliate;

inner bracteole 1, 1–2.5 mm, apex glabrous or ciliate.

1–15+-flowered, terminal or axillary, spikes or solitary flowers, erect, axis rudiment (aborted floral axis) sometimes present;

bracts present, persistent, foliaceous;

bracteoles persistent, 1 outer, 1 or 2 inner.

Flowers

calyx tube 2.5–5 mm, lobes ± acute;

corolla yellow or orange-yellow;

banner suborbiculate, 4.5–7 mm;

wings 3.5–4.5 mm;

keel 3–4 mm.

papilionaceous;

calyx tubular, lobes 5, unequal, adaxial 4-lobed;

corolla yellow or orange-yellow, inserted near apex of calyx tube;

petals evenly graduated;

wings shorter and narrower than banner, not adnate to keel, clawed, auriculate;

keel incurved or rostrate;

stamens 10, monadelphous;

anthers dimorphic, 5 versatile anthers alternating with 5 sub-basifixed;

ovary subsessile;

style curved, glabrous or pubescent.

Fruits

loments, sessile or stipitate, tan or brown, compressed, articulate, ovate, individual segments indehiscent, glabrous or pubescent;

segments 2, breaking apart, proximal segment fertile or abortive, densely pubescent, distal segment fertile, reticulate;

style persistent as a beak, beak erect, declined, or coiled.

Seeds

1–1.5 mm.

1 or 2, black, compressed, ovoid, shiny.

Loments

strongly reticulate with vertical veins, 2.5–3 mm wide;

fertile segment 1;

proximal segment sterile;

distal segment 2.5–5 mm, puberulent;

beak hooked, 0.5–1 mm, to 1/5 distal segment.

x

= 10.

Stylosanthes biflora

Stylosanthes

Phenology Flowering summer.
Habitat Dry, open, rocky or sandy wood­lands, borders, barrens, moist pine savannas, old fields, roadsides.
Elevation 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; AZ; DC; DE; FL; GA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; WI; WV; Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
United States; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies; Asia (s India, Sri Lanka); c Africa; s Africa; Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar); Pacific Islands (Galápagos Islands) [Introduced in se Asia (Malaysia), Australia]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 37 (5 in the flora).

The alternation of sub-basifixed and versatile anthers and the absence of stipels in Stylosanthes suggest a relationship to Arachis, Chapmannia, and Zornia. Molecular phylogenetic analyses support a close relationship among Arachis, Chapmannia, and Stylosanthes but place Zornia more distantly (M. Lavin et al. 2001). Stylosanthes resembles Zornia morphologically because of the large bracts subtending each flower and the often spicate inflorescences. The leaves of Stylosanthes are three-foliolate, the ovules are two or three, and bracteoles are present; the leaves of Zornia are two- or four-foliolate, the ovules are two to several, and bracteoles are absent. Species of Stylosanthes in sect. Stylosanthes have an axis rudiment (an aborted floral axis) next to the flower; species in sect. Astyposanthes (Herter) Mohlenbrock lack an axis rudiment.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Inflorescences: axis rudiment present; inner bracteoles 2.
→ 2
2. Loments: beak straight or slightly curved; leaflet blade surfaces glabrous (rarely with marginal cilia); teeth of distal stipules mostly longer than sheath; calyx tubes 3–4 mm.
S. calcicola
2. Loments: beak hooked; leaflet blade surfaces glabrous or short-pilose; teeth of distal stipules mostly shorter than sheath; calyx tubes 4–7.5 mm.
S. hamata
1. Inflorescences: axis rudiment absent; inner bracteole 1.
→ 3
3. Loments: beak to 1/5 as long as distal segment.
S. biflora
3. Loments: beak to 1/2 as long as or exceeding distal segment.
→ 4
4. Stems with viscid hairs; leaflet blade surfaces punctate abaxially; banners 4–7 mm; loment beak to 1/2 as long as distal segment.
S. viscosa
4. Stems glabrous or short-hispid, not viscid; leaflet blade surfaces without punctations; banners 3–4 mm; loment beak equaling or surpassing distal segment.
S. humilis
Source FNA vol. 11. FNA vol. 11. Author: Robert H. Mohlenbrock.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Stylosanthes Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae
Sibling taxa
S. calcicola, S. hamata, S. humilis, S. viscosa
Subordinate taxa
S. biflora, S. calcicola, S. hamata, S. humilis, S. viscosa
Synonyms Trifolium biflorum, S. floridana, S. riparia
Name authority (Linnaeus) Britton: Sterns & Poggenburg, Prelim. Cat., 13. (1888) Swartz: Prodr., 7, 108. (1788)
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