Stylosanthes biflora |
Stylosanthes |
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endbeak pencilflower, pencil-flower, sidebeak pencilflower |
pencil-flower |
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Habit | Herbs, perennial, or subshrubs, unarmed; roots thickened. | |||||||||||||||||
Stems | herbaceous, erect or spreading, much branched, to 6 dm, glabrous, puberulent, or densely hispid. |
prostrate to erect or ascending, sometimes viscid, pubescent or glabrous. |
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Leaves | stipular sheath 8–15-veined, glabrous or puberulent to densely hispid, teeth of distal stipules mostly shorter than sheath; petiole 1–3 mm; leaflet blades ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, 40–20 mm, veins 3–6 pairs, base cuneate, margins sometimes spinulose, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces sometimes punctate abaxially, glabrous. |
alternate, odd-pinnate; stipules present, foliaceous, amplexicaul, adnate to petiole for most of its length; petiolate; leaflets 3, blade margins entire, surfaces glandular-punctate or epunctate, sometimes black-punctate, glabrous or pubescent. |
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Inflorescences | 1–8-flowered, ovoid, to 1 cm, axis rudiment absent; bracts usually 1-foliolate, sometimes 3-foliolate proximally, 3–6 × 2.5–5.5 mm, 5–9-veined, puberulent to densely hispid; outer bracteole 2–3 mm, apex glabrous or ciliate; inner bracteole 1, 1–2.5 mm, apex glabrous or ciliate. |
1–15+-flowered, terminal or axillary, spikes or solitary flowers, erect, axis rudiment (aborted floral axis) sometimes present; bracts present, persistent, foliaceous; bracteoles persistent, 1 outer, 1 or 2 inner. |
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Flowers | calyx tube 2.5–5 mm, lobes ± acute; corolla yellow or orange-yellow; banner suborbiculate, 4.5–7 mm; wings 3.5–4.5 mm; keel 3–4 mm. |
papilionaceous; calyx tubular, lobes 5, unequal, adaxial 4-lobed; corolla yellow or orange-yellow, inserted near apex of calyx tube; petals evenly graduated; wings shorter and narrower than banner, not adnate to keel, clawed, auriculate; keel incurved or rostrate; stamens 10, monadelphous; anthers dimorphic, 5 versatile anthers alternating with 5 sub-basifixed; ovary subsessile; style curved, glabrous or pubescent. |
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Fruits | loments, sessile or stipitate, tan or brown, compressed, articulate, ovate, individual segments indehiscent, glabrous or pubescent; segments 2, breaking apart, proximal segment fertile or abortive, densely pubescent, distal segment fertile, reticulate; style persistent as a beak, beak erect, declined, or coiled. |
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Seeds | 1–1.5 mm. |
1 or 2, black, compressed, ovoid, shiny. |
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Loments | strongly reticulate with vertical veins, 2.5–3 mm wide; fertile segment 1; proximal segment sterile; distal segment 2.5–5 mm, puberulent; beak hooked, 0.5–1 mm, to 1/5 distal segment. |
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x | = 10. |
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Stylosanthes biflora |
Stylosanthes |
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Phenology | Flowering summer. | |||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Dry, open, rocky or sandy woodlands, borders, barrens, moist pine savannas, old fields, roadsides. | |||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.) | |||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; DC; DE; FL; GA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; WI; WV; Mexico
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United States; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies; Asia (s India, Sri Lanka); c Africa; s Africa; Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar); Pacific Islands (Galápagos Islands) [Introduced in se Asia (Malaysia), Australia] |
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Discussion | Species 37 (5 in the flora). The alternation of sub-basifixed and versatile anthers and the absence of stipels in Stylosanthes suggest a relationship to Arachis, Chapmannia, and Zornia. Molecular phylogenetic analyses support a close relationship among Arachis, Chapmannia, and Stylosanthes but place Zornia more distantly (M. Lavin et al. 2001). Stylosanthes resembles Zornia morphologically because of the large bracts subtending each flower and the often spicate inflorescences. The leaves of Stylosanthes are three-foliolate, the ovules are two or three, and bracteoles are present; the leaves of Zornia are two- or four-foliolate, the ovules are two to several, and bracteoles are absent. Species of Stylosanthes in sect. Stylosanthes have an axis rudiment (an aborted floral axis) next to the flower; species in sect. Astyposanthes (Herter) Mohlenbrock lack an axis rudiment. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. | ||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Stylosanthes | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae | ||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Trifolium biflorum, S. floridana, S. riparia | |||||||||||||||||
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Britton: Sterns & Poggenburg, Prelim. Cat., 13. (1888) | Swartz: Prodr., 7, 108. (1788) | ||||||||||||||||
Web links |