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pencil-flower

Everglade key pencilflower, Everglades pencil-flower

Habit Herbs, perennial, or subshrubs, unarmed; roots thickened.
Stems

prostrate to erect or ascending, sometimes viscid, pubescent or glabrous.

herbaceous, erect, branched from near base, to 5 dm, often minutely pubescent along one side, sometimes glabrous, rarely pubescent throughout.

Leaves

alternate, odd-pinnate;

stipules present, foliaceous, amplexicaul, adnate to petiole for most of its length;

petiolate;

leaflets 3, blade margins entire, surfaces glandular-punctate or epunctate, sometimes black-punctate, glabrous or pubescent.

stipular sheath 7-veined, glabrous or puberulent, teeth of distal stipules mostly longer than sheath;

petiole 2–4 mm;

leaflet blades lanceolate to ovate, 150 × 80 mm, veins 3–5 pairs, base cuneate, margins rarely ciliate, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous.

Inflorescences

1–15+-flowered, terminal or axillary, spikes or solitary flowers, erect, axis rudiment (aborted floral axis) sometimes present;

bracts present, persistent, foliaceous;

bracteoles persistent, 1 outer, 1 or 2 inner.

2+-flowered, narrowly oblong or ovoid, to 1.5 cm, axis rudiment present, to 5 mm;

bracts 1-foliolate, averaging 4 mm wide, 5–7-veined, margins ciliate and often bristly abaxially;

outer bracteole 1–3 mm, apex ciliate;

inner bracteoles 2, 2–2.5 mm, apex ciliate.

Flowers

papilionaceous;

calyx tubular, lobes 5, unequal, adaxial 4-lobed;

corolla yellow or orange-yellow, inserted near apex of calyx tube;

petals evenly graduated;

wings shorter and narrower than banner, not adnate to keel, clawed, auriculate;

keel incurved or rostrate;

stamens 10, monadelphous;

anthers dimorphic, 5 versatile anthers alternating with 5 sub-basifixed;

ovary subsessile;

style curved, glabrous or pubescent.

calyx tube 3–4 mm, lobes acute;

corolla yellow;

banner obovate, 4.5–6 mm;

wings 4–5 mm;

keel 3.5–4.5 mm.

Fruits

loments, sessile or stipitate, tan or brown, compressed, articulate, ovate, individual segments indehiscent, glabrous or pubescent;

segments 2, breaking apart, proximal segment fertile or abortive, densely pubescent, distal segment fertile, reticulate;

style persistent as a beak, beak erect, declined, or coiled.

Seeds

1 or 2, black, compressed, ovoid, shiny.

1–2 mm.

Loments

conspicuously reticulate, 1.5–2 mm wide;

fertile segments (1 or)2;

proximal segment 2–2.5 mm;

distal segment 2.5–3 mm, usually densely white-hairy, sometimes glabrate;

beak straight or slightly curved, 1.5–2.5 mm, 1/2 to equaling distal segment, with short, white hairs or glabrous.

x

= 10.

2n

= 20.

Stylosanthes

Stylosanthes calcicola

Phenology Flowering year-round.
Habitat Pinelands.
Elevation 0–10 m. (0–0 ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
United States; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies; Asia (s India, Sri Lanka); c Africa; s Africa; Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar); Pacific Islands (Galápagos Islands) [Introduced in se Asia (Malaysia), Australia]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
FL; Mexico; West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba); Central America (Guatemala)
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 37 (5 in the flora).

The alternation of sub-basifixed and versatile anthers and the absence of stipels in Stylosanthes suggest a relationship to Arachis, Chapmannia, and Zornia. Molecular phylogenetic analyses support a close relationship among Arachis, Chapmannia, and Stylosanthes but place Zornia more distantly (M. Lavin et al. 2001). Stylosanthes resembles Zornia morphologically because of the large bracts subtending each flower and the often spicate inflorescences. The leaves of Stylosanthes are three-foliolate, the ovules are two or three, and bracteoles are present; the leaves of Zornia are two- or four-foliolate, the ovules are two to several, and bracteoles are absent. Species of Stylosanthes in sect. Stylosanthes have an axis rudiment (an aborted floral axis) next to the flower; species in sect. Astyposanthes (Herter) Mohlenbrock lack an axis rudiment.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

In the flora area, Stylosanthes calcicola is documented from only the southernmost tips of peninsular Florida and the Florida Keys.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Inflorescences: axis rudiment present; inner bracteoles 2.
→ 2
2. Loments: beak straight or slightly curved; leaflet blade surfaces glabrous (rarely with marginal cilia); teeth of distal stipules mostly longer than sheath; calyx tubes 3–4 mm.
S. calcicola
2. Loments: beak hooked; leaflet blade surfaces glabrous or short-pilose; teeth of distal stipules mostly shorter than sheath; calyx tubes 4–7.5 mm.
S. hamata
1. Inflorescences: axis rudiment absent; inner bracteole 1.
→ 3
3. Loments: beak to 1/5 as long as distal segment.
S. biflora
3. Loments: beak to 1/2 as long as or exceeding distal segment.
→ 4
4. Stems with viscid hairs; leaflet blade surfaces punctate abaxially; banners 4–7 mm; loment beak to 1/2 as long as distal segment.
S. viscosa
4. Stems glabrous or short-hispid, not viscid; leaflet blade surfaces without punctations; banners 3–4 mm; loment beak equaling or surpassing distal segment.
S. humilis
Source FNA vol. 11. Author: Robert H. Mohlenbrock. FNA vol. 11.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Stylosanthes
Sibling taxa
S. biflora, S. hamata, S. humilis, S. viscosa
Subordinate taxa
S. biflora, S. calcicola, S. hamata, S. humilis, S. viscosa
Name authority Swartz: Prodr., 7, 108. (1788) Small: Man. S.E. Fl., 730, 1505. (1933)
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