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milkwort jewelflower

clasping jewelflower, clasping twistflower

Habit Annuals; (sometimes glaucous), glabrous throughout. Annuals; (glaucous), usually glabrous throughout (sometimes stem bases pubescent).
Stems

unbranched or branched distally, (0.8–)2–8(–10) dm.

unbranched or branched distally, 1.7–10.6 dm, (trichomes 0.05–0.5 mm).

Basal leaves

(soon withered); rosulate; petiolate;

blade 1- or 2-pinnatifid (with broadly linear to filiform lobes), 2–20 cm, margins sinuate-dentate.

(soon withered); rosulate; petiolate;

blade similar to cauline.

Cauline leaves

blade linear, 1–10 cm × 1–3 mm, (smaller distally), base auriculate, margins entire.

blade broadly ovate to broadly oblong or lanceolate, 2–15 cm × 10–80 mm, (smaller distally), base amplexicaul, margins entire, (apex acute to acuminate or rounded).

Racemes

ebracteate, (lax).

ebracteate, (dense or lax).

Flowers

(markedly zygomorphic);

calyx urceolate;

sepals greenish yellow or purplish, (abaxial broadly ovate, not keeled, 4–6 × 3–4 mm, lateral ovate-lanceolate, keeled, 4–6 × 1.5–2 mm, adaxial suborbicular to broadly ovate-cordate, forming a bannerlike hood, keeled, 4–6 × 6–8 mm);

petals white (with brownish veins), 5–8 mm, blade 1–3 × 0.7–1.2 mm, margins crisped (channeled), claw 4–5 mm, wider than blade;

stamens in 3 unequal pairs;

filaments: abaxial pair (distinct), 4–5 mm, lateral pair 3–4 mm, adaxial pair (connate), 5–6 mm;

anthers: abaxial and lateral pairs fertile, 1.5–2 mm, adaxial pairs sterile, 0.3–0.7 mm;

gynophore 0.1–0.4 mm.

calyx campanulate;

sepals (erect), purplish, 4–9 mm, (lateral pair rarely with subapical callus, 0.1–0.3 mm), not keeled;

petals (widely spreading to somewhat reflexed), magenta (with deep purple center), 11–21 mm, blade 6–12 × 5–11 mm, margins not crisped, claw 5–10 mm, narrower than blade;

stamens tetradynamous;

filaments: median pairs (distinct), 5–7 mm, lateral pair 3–5 mm;

anthers (all) fertile, 3–4 mm;

gynophore 0.7–1.5 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

strongly recurved, 2–5 mm.

divaricate-ascending, (straight), 4–7 mm.

Fruits

pendent, smooth, straight, flattened, 2.4–5.6 cm × 1.2–1.7 mm;

valves each with obscure or somewhat prominent midvein;

replum straight;

ovules (10–)18–50 per ovary;

style 0.8–2 mm;

stigma entire.

ascending, smooth, straight, flattened, 6–11.4 cm × 2–3 mm;

valves each with prominent midvein;

replum straight;

ovules 56–92 per ovary;

style 1–2.5 mm;

stigma strongly 2-lobed.

Seeds

oblong, 1.7–2 × 0.9–1.1 mm;

wing 0.2–0.3 mm wide, distal.

broadly oblong, 2–2.5 × 1–1.3 mm;

wing 0.2–0.3 mm wide, continuous.

2n

= 28.

Streptanthus polygaloides

Streptanthus maculatus

Phenology Flowering May–Jul. Flowering Apr–May.
Habitat Serpentine substrates in grasslands, openings chaparral, oak and pine woodlands Near creeks, roadside banks, moist bottoms, open oak woods, moist land in woods, rocky bluffs, ledges, dry talus slopes, rock crevices, pine-hickory forests
Elevation 200-1900 m (700-6200 ft) 200-500 m (700-1600 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AR; OK; TX
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Streptanthus polygaloides is highly variable in plant height, flower color, fruit size, and dissection of basal leaves. Further studies may lead to recognition of infraspecific taxa. The species is distributed in Butte, Calaveras, El Dorado, Fresno, Mariposa, Nevada, Sierra, Tuolumne, and Yuba counties.

Streptanthus polygaloides is one of the few nickel hyperaccumulators in the flora area, and it averages 2,430–18,600 µg/g dry weight (R. D. Reeves et al. 1981; A. R. Kruckeberg and Reeves 1995).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Streptanthus maculatus is distributed in Arkansas in Garland, Hot Springs, Montgomery, Pike, Polk, Pulaski, and Saline counties; in Oklahoma in Latimer, Le Flore, McCurtain, and Pushmataha counties; and in Texas in Anderson, Cherokee, Gregg, and Smith counties.

R. C. Rollins (1993) divided Streptanthus maculatus into two subspecies based on the presence versus absence of the subapical callus on sepals and on leaf shape. Subspecies maculatus was said to differ from subsp. obtusifolius by the absence (versus presence) of the sepal callus and by having lanceolate (versus broadly ovate) cauline leaves. These highly variable characters do not covary.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 7, p. 720. FNA vol. 7, p. 718.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Thelypodieae > Streptanthus Brassicaceae > tribe Thelypodieae > Streptanthus
Sibling taxa
S. barbatus, S. barbiger, S. batrachopus, S. bernardinus, S. brachiatus, S. bracteatus, S. breweri, S. callistus, S. campestris, S. carinatus, S. cordatus, S. cutleri, S. diversifolius, S. drepanoides, S. farnsworthianus, S. fenestratus, S. glandulosus, S. gracilis, S. hesperidis, S. hispidus, S. howellii, S. hyacinthoides, S. insignis, S. longisiliquus, S. maculatus, S. morrisonii, S. oblanceolatus, S. oliganthus, S. petiolaris, S. platycarpus, S. squamiformis, S. tortuosus, S. vernalis, S. vimineus
S. barbatus, S. barbiger, S. batrachopus, S. bernardinus, S. brachiatus, S. bracteatus, S. breweri, S. callistus, S. campestris, S. carinatus, S. cordatus, S. cutleri, S. diversifolius, S. drepanoides, S. farnsworthianus, S. fenestratus, S. glandulosus, S. gracilis, S. hesperidis, S. hispidus, S. howellii, S. hyacinthoides, S. insignis, S. longisiliquus, S. morrisonii, S. oblanceolatus, S. oliganthus, S. petiolaris, S. platycarpus, S. polygaloides, S. squamiformis, S. tortuosus, S. vernalis, S. vimineus
Synonyms Microsemia polygaloides S. maculatus subsp. obtusifolius, S. obtusifolius
Name authority A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 6: 519. (1865) Nuttall: J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 5: 134, plate 7. (1825)
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