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milkwort jewelflower

Howell's jewel-flower, Howell's streptanthus

Habit Annuals; (sometimes glaucous), glabrous throughout. Perennials; (caudex simple or branched); (glaucous), glabrous.
Stems

unbranched or branched distally, (0.8–)2–8(–10) dm.

usually unbranched, rarely branched distally, 3–8 dm.

Basal leaves

(soon withered); rosulate;

petiolate;

blade 1- or 2-pinnatifid (with broadly linear to filiform lobes), 2–20 cm, margins sinuate-dentate.

(soon withered);

not rosulate;

petiolate;

blade (somewhat fleshy), similar to cauline.

Cauline leaves

blade linear, 1–10 cm × 1–3 mm, (smaller distally), base auriculate, margins entire.

(petiolate);

blade broadly spatulate-obovate to suborbicular, or (distally) narrowly oblong-oblanceolate to linear, 1.5–10 cm × 5–45 mm, base (distally) cuneate to attenuate, not auriculate, margins entire, repand, or obtusely dentate, (entire distally).

Racemes

ebracteate, (lax).

ebracteate, (lax).

Flowers

(markedly zygomorphic);

calyx urceolate;

sepals greenish yellow or purplish, (abaxial broadly ovate, not keeled, 4–6 × 3–4 mm, lateral ovate-lanceolate, keeled, 4–6 × 1.5–2 mm, adaxial suborbicular to broadly ovate-cordate, forming a bannerlike hood, keeled, 4–6 × 6–8 mm);

petals white (with brownish veins), 5–8 mm, blade 1–3 × 0.7–1.2 mm, margins crisped (channeled), claw 4–5 mm, wider than blade;

stamens in 3 unequal pairs;

filaments: abaxial pair (distinct), 4–5 mm, lateral pair 3–4 mm, adaxial pair (connate), 5–6 mm;

anthers: abaxial and lateral pairs fertile, 1.5–2 mm, adaxial pairs sterile, 0.3–0.7 mm;

gynophore 0.1–0.4 mm.

calyx subcampanulate;

sepals purplish, oblong, 5–8 mm, not keeled;

petals maroon to purple, 8–12 mm, blade 3–5 × 0.5–1 mm, margins not crisped, claw 5–7 mm, wider than blade;

stamens in 3 unequal pairs;

filaments (distinct): abaxial pair 5–6 mm, lateral pair 4–5 mm, adaxial pair 6–7 mm;

anthers (all) fertile, 3–3.5 mm;

gynophore 0.5–5 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

strongly recurved, 2–5 mm.

divaricate to ascending, (straight), 7–17 mm.

Fruits

pendent, smooth, straight, flattened, 2.4–5.6 cm × 1.2–1.7 mm;

valves each with obscure or somewhat prominent midvein;

replum straight;

ovules (10–)18–50 per ovary;

style 0.8–2 mm;

stigma entire.

divaricate-ascending, smooth, straight to slightly curved inwards, flattened, 5.5–12 cm × 2.5–3.2(–3.5) mm;

valves each with prominent midvein;

replum straight;

ovules 24–44 per ovary;

style 0.3–3 mm;

stigma subentire.

Seeds

oblong, 1.7–2 × 0.9–1.1 mm;

wing 0.2–0.3 mm wide, distal.

broadly oblong to suborbicular, 3–4 × 2–3 mm;

wing 0.5–1.1 mm wide, continuous.

2n

= 28.

= 28.

Streptanthus polygaloides

Streptanthus howellii

Phenology Flowering May–Jul. Flowering Jun–Jul.
Habitat Serpentine substrates in grasslands, openings chaparral, oak and pine woodlands Dry serpentine slopes and ridges in open conifer-hardwood forests
Elevation 200-1900 m (700-6200 ft) 600-800 m (2000-2600 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; OR
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Streptanthus polygaloides is highly variable in plant height, flower color, fruit size, and dissection of basal leaves. Further studies may lead to recognition of infraspecific taxa. The species is distributed in Butte, Calaveras, El Dorado, Fresno, Mariposa, Nevada, Sierra, Tuolumne, and Yuba counties.

Streptanthus polygaloides is one of the few nickel hyperaccumulators in the flora area, and it averages 2,430–18,600 µg/g dry weight (R. D. Reeves et al. 1981; A. R. Kruckeberg and Reeves 1995).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Of conservation concern.

Streptanthus howellii is known from the Klamath Mountains in California (Del Norte and Siskiyou counties) and Oregon (Curry and Josephine counties).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 7, p. 720. FNA vol. 7, p. 716.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Thelypodieae > Streptanthus Brassicaceae > tribe Thelypodieae > Streptanthus
Sibling taxa
S. barbatus, S. barbiger, S. batrachopus, S. bernardinus, S. brachiatus, S. bracteatus, S. breweri, S. callistus, S. campestris, S. carinatus, S. cordatus, S. cutleri, S. diversifolius, S. drepanoides, S. farnsworthianus, S. fenestratus, S. glandulosus, S. gracilis, S. hesperidis, S. hispidus, S. howellii, S. hyacinthoides, S. insignis, S. longisiliquus, S. maculatus, S. morrisonii, S. oblanceolatus, S. oliganthus, S. petiolaris, S. platycarpus, S. squamiformis, S. tortuosus, S. vernalis, S. vimineus
S. barbatus, S. barbiger, S. batrachopus, S. bernardinus, S. brachiatus, S. bracteatus, S. breweri, S. callistus, S. campestris, S. carinatus, S. cordatus, S. cutleri, S. diversifolius, S. drepanoides, S. farnsworthianus, S. fenestratus, S. glandulosus, S. gracilis, S. hesperidis, S. hispidus, S. hyacinthoides, S. insignis, S. longisiliquus, S. maculatus, S. morrisonii, S. oblanceolatus, S. oliganthus, S. petiolaris, S. platycarpus, S. polygaloides, S. squamiformis, S. tortuosus, S. vernalis, S. vimineus
Synonyms Microsemia polygaloides Cartiera howellii
Name authority A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 6: 519. (1865) S. Watson: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 20: 353. (1885)
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