Flora of North America species comparison

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Stillingia

Stillingia aquatica

toothleaf

corkwood, water toothleaf
Habit Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs [trees], annual or perennial, monoecious; hairs absent [rarely glandular]; latex white. Shrubs with taproot.
Stems

solitary, erect, branching near apex, 4–12 dm.
Leaves

deciduous, alternate, opposite, or subopposite [whorled], simple;

stipules absent or present, persistent;

petiole absent or present, glands absent [small sessile gland at apex];

blade unlobed, margins entire, dentate, crenate, serrulate, or spinulose-dentate, laminar glands absent;

venation pinnate.

alternate;

stipules linear, 1.5–2 mm;

petiole 0.1–0.5(–1) cm;

blade linear, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 3.5–10 × (0.2–)0.5–2.5 cm, base acute to narrowly obtuse, margins minutely crenulate, teeth without prominent blackened tips, not incurved, apex acute to acuminate;

midvein prominent, secondary veins ± obscure.
Inflorescences

bisexual (pistillate flowers proximal, staminate distal), terminal, spikes or spikelike thyrses;

glands subtending each bract 2.

sessile, 3–5 cm;

staminate cymules ± crowded, 5–15-flowered;

pistillate flowers 1–2(–4), crowded;

bracts narrowly ovate to oblong, 2 mm, apex acute, glands crateriform, short-stalked, 1–1.2 mm diam.
Pedicels

absent.

Staminate flowers

sepals 2, imbricate, connate basally;

petals 0;

nectary absent;

stamens 2, connate basally;

pistillode absent.

calyx 1–1.3 mm.
Pistillate flowers

sepals 0 or [2–]3, distinct;

petals 0;

nectary absent;

pistil [2–]3-carpellate;

styles 3 [rarely 2], connate proximally, unbranched.

sepals persistent, 3, well developed, ± orbiculate;

styles connate 3/4 length, to 4 mm.
Fruits

capsules base persisting as [2–]3-lobed gynobase, glabrous.

Capsules

globose, 4–5 × 6–7 mm, shallowly 3-lobed;

lobes of gynobase 3–3.5 mm;

columella absent or only short basal part persistent.
Seeds

globose, ovoid, ellipsoid, or cylindric, ± flattened or depressed at hilar end;

outer seed coat dry;

caruncle absent or present.

gray, globose, 4.5 × 4 mm, rugulose;

caruncle minute.
x

= 11.

Stillingia

Stillingia aquatica
Phenology Flowering Feb–May; fruiting (Feb–)May–Oct.
Habitat Floodplain swamps, wet pinelands, shallow standing water, pond edges, maritime interdunal swales, generally in moist soils.
Elevation 0–200 m. (0–700 ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
Mexico; Central America; South America; s United States; West Indies; Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar); Pacific Islands (Fiji Islands)
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; FL; GA; SC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species ca. 33 (7 in the flora).

Stillingia is distributed primarily in the warmer regions of the western hemisphere, with a major center of diversity extending from the southwestern United States through Mexico to northern Central America and another occupying the region of southern Brazil, northern Argentina, and Paraguay. Other New World species occur in Peru, southern Central America, and the southeastern United States. Outside of the western hemisphere, there are three species in Madagascar and one in Fiji. Among species in the flora area, only S. sylvatica is widespread, ranging throughout much of the southern United States from Virginia to New Mexico.

Stillingia is one of the more distinctive genera in the tribe Hippomaneae A. Jussieu ex Spach, which are generally characterized by the presence of white latex and by terminal or axillary spikelike inflorescences with one or more solitary basal pistillate flowers. Among these genera, Stillingia is distinguished by the presence of a gynobase, the hardened proximal portion of the ovary that remains as a 3-parted (or 2-parted in a few species outside the flora area) persistent base attached to the pedicel after dehiscence of the fruit. The circumscription of Stillingia has remained essentially unchanged since 1880, when Bentham first recognized the importance of the gynobase as the most important distinguishing character (D. J. Rogers 1951).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Key
1. Staminate flowers in 3–15-flowered cymules; sepals of pistillate flowers 3, well developed, persistent; seeds with caruncles.
→ 2
2. Shrubs with taproots.
S. aquatica
2. Herbs or subshrubs with woody caudices or rhizomes.
→ 3
3. Leaf blades ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, to obovate or oblanceolate, teeth without prominent blackened tips, incurved; capsules 6–12 mm diam.
S. sylvatica
3. Leaf blades linear to linear-lanceolate, teeth with prominent blackened tips, not incurved; capsules 6–8 mm diam.
S. texana
1. Staminate flowers 1 per node; sepals of pistillate flowers 0 or 3, minute and fugacious; seeds with or without caruncles.
→ 4
4. Leaf blades linear, margins entire or remotely minutely denticulate.
→ 5
5. Pistillate flowers widely spaced; glands of pistillate bracts long-stalked; seeds without caruncles.
S. linearifolia
5. Pistillate flowers crowded; glands of pistillate bracts sessile; seeds with minute caruncles.
S. paucidentata
4. Leaf blades elliptic, elliptic-spatulate, or obovate-spatulate, margins spinulose-dentate.
→ 6
6. Leaves opposite or subopposite, stipules absent, blade apices acuminate; inflorescences sessile, 1–1.2(–2) cm; glands of pistillate bracts long-stalked; seeds without caruncles.
S. spinulosa
6. Leaves alternate, stipules present, blade apices rounded to obtuse; inflorescences pedunculate, 2.5–5 cm; glands of pistillate bracts ± sessile; seeds with minute caruncles.
S. treculiana
Source FNA vol. 12, p. 233. Author: Michael J. Huft. FNA vol. 12, p. 234.
Parent taxa Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae > Stillingia
Sibling taxa
S. linearifolia, S. paucidentata, S. spinulosa, S. sylvatica, S. texana, S. treculiana
Subordinate taxa
S. aquatica, S. linearifolia, S. paucidentata, S. spinulosa, S. sylvatica, S. texana, S. treculiana
Name authority Garden: in C. Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 1: 19, 126. (1767): Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2: 611, 637. (1767) Chapman: Fl. South. U.S., 405. (1860)
Web links 
Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).



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