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bronze-bells, mountain-bells, western featherbells, western stenanthium

featherbells

Habit Herbs, perennial, from tunicate bulbs and reduced rhizomes; roots fibrous.
Bulbs

ovoid, 2–4 cm.

Stems

1.5–4.5(–6) dm.

simple, mostly with 2–3 reduced bracts, glabrous.

Leaves

several, mostly proximal;

blade linear to oblanceolate, weakly keeled, 15–30 × 0.6–2.5 cm, apex acute.

mostly basal, reduced distally, spiral, arching downward, sheathing proximally;

blade narrowly linear to oblanceolate, strap-shaped, glabrous, apex acuminate or obtuse.

Inflorescences

racemose and 3–6-flowered or paniculate and to 25-flowered;

bracts lanceolate, 6–10 mm.

terminal, racemose or paniculate, open, bracteate, glabrous.

Flowers

drooping;

perianth narrowly tubular-campanulate;

tepals recurved distally, greenish to brownish purple, oblong-lanceolate, 10–20 mm, apex gradually acuminate;

tepal glands present;

stamens 7–8 mm;

filaments subequal;

pedicel ascending to erect, 1–3 cm.

proximalmost usually bisexual, distalmost staminate;

perianth tubular-campanulate or rotate;

tepals persistent, 6, distinct or weakly connate basally, glandular or not, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, equal to subequal, apex acute to acuminate;

claws absent;

tepal glands, when present, 2-lobed, adaxial;

stamens 6, distinct or connate basally, equal or subequal;

filaments lanceolate;

anthers basifixed, 1-locular, obcordate-reniform;

pollen sacs apically confluent, extrorse, opening into peltate disc;

ovary superior to half-inferior, 3-locular proximally, 1-locular distal to ovules;

septal nectaries absent;

styles persistent, 3, spreading to recurved, distinct;

stigmas minute.

Fruits

capsular, deeply 3-lobed, membranous, slenderly 3-beaked, dehiscence septicidal, then adaxially loculicidal.

Capsules

lanceoloid, 12–16 mm including slender style beaks, apex gradually acuminate.

Seeds

brownish black, narrowly oblong, 3–4 mm.

3–4 per locule, brown to brownish black, narrowly oblong or ellipsoid to lanceoloid, flat, angled to winged.

x

= 8, 10.

2n

= 16.

Stenanthium occidentale

Stenanthium

Phenology Flowering late spring–mid summer.
Habitat Wet cliffs, rocky crevices, montane meadows, mossy scree
Elevation 0–2500 m (0–8200 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; ID; MT; OR; WA; AB; BC
[WildflowerSearch map]
from USDA
North America (including Mexico); e Asia
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Stenanthium occidentale is similar to a circum-northern Pacific and Sakhalin Island endemic, S. sachalinense F. Schmidt, which may be conspecific (S. M. Kupchan et al. 1961; F. H. Utech 1987).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Species 4 (2 in the flora).

The species of Stenanthium other than S. gramineum have at times been transferred to the segregate genus Stenanthella based on their racemose inflorescences, darker, campanulate flowers, and apically recurved tepals, leaving a monotypic Stenanthium with paniculate inflorescences, lighter colored, rotate flowers, and spreading tepals (P. A. Rydberg 1900). These differences are not sufficiently constant, however, to warrant the generic distinction (F. H. Utech 1987, 1987b). Among the melanthioid genera, Stenanthium shows greatest morphological similarities to Zigadenus Michaux (J. D. Ambrose 1975, 1980; S. J. Preece 1956; W. B. Zomlefer 1997b; W. B. Zomlefer et al. 2001).

Stenathium gramineum and S. occidentale are occasionally cultivated as garden ornamentals.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Stems 1.5–4.5(–6) dm; leaves 15–30 cm; perianth tubular-campanulate; tepals greenish to brownish purple, 10–20 mm, recurved distally, apex gradually acuminate; w North America.
S. occidentale
1. Stems 5–20 dm; leaves 20–70 cm; perianth rotate; tepals white to greenish yellow, 4–10 mm, not recurved distally, apex acute to narrowly acuminate; e North America.
S. gramineum
Source FNA vol. 26, p. 89. FNA vol. 26, p. 88. Author: Frederick H. Utech.
Parent taxa Liliaceae > Stenanthium Liliaceae
Sibling taxa
S. gramineum
Subordinate taxa
S. gramineum, S. occidentale
Synonyms Stenanthella occidentalis, S. rhombipetalum Veratrum subg. S., Stenanthella
Name authority A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 405. (1873) (A. Gray) Kunth: Enum. Pl. 4: 189. (1843)
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