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California goldenrod, three-nerve goldenrod, velvety goldenrod

spring-flowering goldenrod

Habit Plants (forming diffuse clones) 15–80 (–150) cm; rhizomes creeping, slender. Plants 50–120 cm; caudices branching, woody.
Stems

1 (at ends of rhizomes), ascending to erect, glabrate proximally to sparsely to densely strigoso-puberulent distally.

1, ascending-erect, softly short villous.

Leaves

basal and proximal cauline often persisting to flowering, gradually tapering to winged petioles, blades linear oblanceolate to oblanceolate, rarely spatulate, 50–120 × 8–30 mm, proximalmost much smaller, margins entire to sharply serrate, faces glabrate to moderately scabroso-strigose;

mid and distal cauline sessile or subsessille, blades elliptic to oblanceolate or obovate, 10–50 × 3–12 mm, mid tapering to bases, somewhat to strongly 3-nerved, largest, usually much reduced distally, margins entire or sometimes distally serrate, apices acute, faces sparsely to densely strigoso-puberulent, sometimes softly so.

basal and proximal cauline winged-petiolate petioles (petioles 1/2+ leaf length), blades broadly ovate (or subcordate) to elliptic, 50–100(–160) × 30–40 mm, margins shallowly serrate-crenate, apices acute to obtuse, soft short-villous;

mid and distal cauline subpetiolate or sessile, blades ovate to elliptic, 20–40 × 5–15 mm, greatly reduced, becoming narrowly elliptic.

Peduncles

1–6 mm, sparsely to densely strigillose;

bracteoles 0–5, sometimes clustered near to and grading into phyllaries, linear-lanceolate.

slender.

Involucres

campanulate, 3.5–6 mm.

campanulate, 4–5 mm.

Ray florets

6–12;

laminae 2.9–6.3 × 0.3–0.7(–1) mm.

usually 7–12;

laminae 3–6 × 1.5–2 mm.

Disc florets

5–17;

corollas 3.5–6 mm, lobes 0.8–1.7 mm.

usually 14–27;

corolla tubes 4 mm, lobes 0.8–1 mm.

Phyllaries

in 3–5 series, lanceolate to oblong, strongly unequal, acute or sometimes obtuse, glabrous or sparsely strigillose.

in 3–4 series, broadly lanceolate, unequal, glabrate or sparsely short-strigose.

Heads

(2–)30–500, in narrow to broad, thyrsiform to secund-pyramidal paniculiform arrays, branches recurved, secund, congested to lax.

50–100, in paniculiform arrays, proximal branches obscurely to evidently recurved-secund.

Cypselae

0.7–2.7 mm, sparsely to densely strigillose;

pappi 2.5–4.7 mm.

1.5–2.5, sparsely strigose;

pappi ± 3 mm (shorter than corollas).

2n

= 18.

Solidago velutina

Solidago verna

Phenology Flowering May–Jun.
Habitat Open woods, fields, dry bogs, roadsides of coastal plain
Elevation 10–70 m (0–200 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; NM; NV; OR; TX; WY; Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
NC; SC
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 3 (2 in the flora).

G. L. Nesom (1993b) merged Solidago californica, S. sparsiflora, and S. velutina without recognizing any infraspecific taxa, as did A. Cronquist (1994). J. C. Semple et al. (1990) compared S. californica and S. sparsiflora to S. nemoralis and found that all three are significantly different in a multivariate analysis. Evidence for separating the two subspecies of S. nemoralis was greater than the support for separating S. californica and S. sparsiflora.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Solidago verna is in the Center for Plant Conservation’s National Collection of Endangered Plants.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Stems and leaves sparsely strigillose; outer phyllaries glabrate; Wyoming to e California, s to Arizona and New Mexico, Mexico
subsp. sparsiflora
1. Stems and leaves moderately to densely strigillose; outer phyllaries sparsely strigillose; California and s Oregon
subsp. californica
Source FNA vol. 20, p. 160. FNA vol. 20, p. 133.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Astereae > Solidago > sect. Solidago > subsect. Nemorales Asteraceae > tribe Astereae > Solidago > sect. Solidago > subsect. Argutae > ser. Argutae
Sibling taxa
S. albopilosa, S. altiplanities, S. altissima, S. arenicola, S. arguta, S. auriculata, S. bicolor, S. brachyphylla, S. buckleyi, S. caesia, S. canadensis, S. confinis, S. curtisii, S. delicatula, S. drummondii, S. elongata, S. erecta, S. faucibus, S. fistulosa, S. flexicaulis, S. gattingeri, S. gigantea, S. glomerata, S. guiradonis, S. hispida, S. houghtonii, S. juliae, S. juncea, S. kralii, S. lancifolia, S. latissimifolia, S. leavenworthii, S. leiocarpa, S. lepida, S. ludoviciana, S. macrophylla, S. missouriensis, S. mollis, S. multiradiata, S. nana, S. nemoralis, S. nitida, S. odora, S. ohioensis, S. ouachitensis, S. patula, S. petiolaris, S. pinetorum, S. plumosa, S. ptarmicoides, S. puberula, S. pulchra, S. radula, S. riddellii, S. rigida, S. roanensis, S. rugosa, S. rupestris, S. sciaphila, S. sempervirens, S. shortii, S. simplex, S. spathulata, S. speciosa, S. spectabilis, S. sphacelata, S. spithamaea, S. squarrosa, S. stricta, S. tarda, S. tortifolia, S. uliginosa, S. ulmifolia, S. verna, S. villosicarpa, S. wrightii
S. albopilosa, S. altiplanities, S. altissima, S. arenicola, S. arguta, S. auriculata, S. bicolor, S. brachyphylla, S. buckleyi, S. caesia, S. canadensis, S. confinis, S. curtisii, S. delicatula, S. drummondii, S. elongata, S. erecta, S. faucibus, S. fistulosa, S. flexicaulis, S. gattingeri, S. gigantea, S. glomerata, S. guiradonis, S. hispida, S. houghtonii, S. juliae, S. juncea, S. kralii, S. lancifolia, S. latissimifolia, S. leavenworthii, S. leiocarpa, S. lepida, S. ludoviciana, S. macrophylla, S. missouriensis, S. mollis, S. multiradiata, S. nana, S. nemoralis, S. nitida, S. odora, S. ohioensis, S. ouachitensis, S. patula, S. petiolaris, S. pinetorum, S. plumosa, S. ptarmicoides, S. puberula, S. pulchra, S. radula, S. riddellii, S. rigida, S. roanensis, S. rugosa, S. rupestris, S. sciaphila, S. sempervirens, S. shortii, S. simplex, S. spathulata, S. speciosa, S. spectabilis, S. sphacelata, S. spithamaea, S. squarrosa, S. stricta, S. tarda, S. tortifolia, S. uliginosa, S. ulmifolia, S. velutina, S. villosicarpa, S. wrightii
Subordinate taxa
S. velutina subsp. californica, S. velutina subsp. sparsiflora
Synonyms Aster velutinus Aster vernus
Name authority de Candolle: in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle, Prodr. 5: 332. (1836) M. A. Curtis ex Torrey & A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 2: 205. (1842)
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