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California goldenrod, three-nerve goldenrod, velvety goldenrod

prairie goldenrod, upland white aster, verge-d'or faux-ptarmica, white flat-top goldenrod

Habit Plants (forming diffuse clones) 15–80 (–150) cm; rhizomes creeping, slender. Plants 10–40 cm; caudices branching; vascular bundles and petiole bases marcescent (attached to old stems for more than a season).
Stems

1 (at ends of rhizomes), ascending to erect, glabrate proximally to sparsely to densely strigoso-puberulent distally.

1–20+, erect, slender, glabrous proximally, hispid distally.

Leaves

basal and proximal cauline often persisting to flowering, gradually tapering to winged petioles, blades linear oblanceolate to oblanceolate, rarely spatulate, 50–120 × 8–30 mm, proximalmost much smaller, margins entire to sharply serrate, faces glabrate to moderately scabroso-strigose;

mid and distal cauline sessile or subsessille, blades elliptic to oblanceolate or obovate, 10–50 × 3–12 mm, mid tapering to bases, somewhat to strongly 3-nerved, largest, usually much reduced distally, margins entire or sometimes distally serrate, apices acute, faces sparsely to densely strigoso-puberulent, sometimes softly so.

basal and proximal cauline persistent, subpetiolate to sessile, blades sometimes 3-nerved, linear to linear-lanceolate, 60–100 × 7–10 mm, stiff, flat, margins entire or subentire, faces glabrous or sparsely hairy;

mid to distal cauline sessile, blades linear oblanceolate to linear, 20–40 × 3–5 mm, reduced distally, margins entire.

Peduncles

1–6 mm, sparsely to densely strigillose;

bracteoles 0–5, sometimes clustered near to and grading into phyllaries, linear-lanceolate.

29–36.5 mm, strigillose;

bracteoles linear.

Involucres

campanulate, 3.5–6 mm.

5–6 mm.

Ray florets

6–12;

laminae 2.9–6.3 × 0.3–0.7(–1) mm.

10–20, usually white, rarely pale yellow (conspicuous);

laminae 7–7.3 × 1.4–1.6 mm.

Disc florets

5–17;

corollas 3.5–6 mm, lobes 0.8–1.7 mm.

30–36;

corollas 3.8–4.1 mm, lobes 0.5–0.7 mm.

Phyllaries

in 3–5 series, lanceolate to oblong, strongly unequal, acute or sometimes obtuse, glabrous or sparsely strigillose.

in 4–5 series, usually prominently 1-nerved, linear, strongly unequal, outer acute, inner acute to obtuse, glabrous.

Heads

(2–)30–500, in narrow to broad, thyrsiform to secund-pyramidal paniculiform arrays, branches recurved, secund, congested to lax.

1–25(–50), in corymbiform arrays.

Cypselae

0.7–2.7 mm, sparsely to densely strigillose;

pappi 2.5–4.7 mm.

(obconic) 1–1.5 mm (ribbed), glabrous;

pappi 3.4–4 mm (apically clavate).

2n

= 18.

Solidago velutina

Solidago ptarmicoides

Phenology Flowering Jul–Oct.
Habitat Dry, sandy, usually calcareous soils, cracks in rocks, limestone pavements, rocky outcrops, grassy slopes, prairies
Elevation 0–1500 m (0–4900 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; NM; NV; OR; TX; WY; Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CO; CT; IA; IL; IN; MI; MN; MO; MT; NH; NY; OH; OK; SC; SD; VT; WI; WY; MB; ON; QC; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 3 (2 in the flora).

G. L. Nesom (1993b) merged Solidago californica, S. sparsiflora, and S. velutina without recognizing any infraspecific taxa, as did A. Cronquist (1994). J. C. Semple et al. (1990) compared S. californica and S. sparsiflora to S. nemoralis and found that all three are significantly different in a multivariate analysis. Evidence for separating the two subspecies of S. nemoralis was greater than the support for separating S. californica and S. sparsiflora.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

L. Brouillet and J. C. Semple (1981) summarized the morphologic, chemical, cytological, and hybridization data on Solidago ptarmicoides and concluded that, except for the white rays, it is a typical member of sect. Ptarmicoidei. The species hybridizes with S. rigida, S. ohioensis, S. riddellii, and perhaps other goldenrods. It is not known to hybridize with any species of aster (regardless of genus); the supposed Aster × Solidago hybrids are the basis of all reports of intergeneric hybrids in the literature. Horticultural hybrids involving S. ptarmicoides and other Solidago species have been treated as S. ×luteus (M. L. Green ex Dress) Brouillet & Semple (×Solidaster luteus M. L. Green ex Dress). Solidago ×bernardii B. Boivin [Oligoneuron ×bernardii (B. Boivin) G. L. Nesom] is the formal name applied to S. ptarmicoides × S. riddellii hybrids; those have cream rays. Solidago ×lutescens (Lindley ex de Candolle) B. Boivin [Diplopappus lutescens Lindley ex de Candolle; D. albus var. lutescens (Lindley ex de Candolle) Hooker ex Torrey & A. Gray; Aster lutescens (Lindley ex de Candolle) Hooker ex Torrey & A. Gray; A. ptarmicoides var. lutescens (Lindley ex de Candolle) A. Gray; Oligoneuron ×lutescens (Lindley ex de Candolle) G. L. Nesom] applies to hybrids between S. ptarmicoides and S. rigida or S. riddellii from the prairies; these also have cream colored rays.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Stems and leaves sparsely strigillose; outer phyllaries glabrate; Wyoming to e California, s to Arizona and New Mexico, Mexico
subsp. sparsiflora
1. Stems and leaves moderately to densely strigillose; outer phyllaries sparsely strigillose; California and s Oregon
subsp. californica
Source FNA vol. 20, p. 160. FNA vol. 20, p. 164.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Astereae > Solidago > sect. Solidago > subsect. Nemorales Asteraceae > tribe Astereae > Solidago > sect. Ptarmicoidei
Sibling taxa
S. albopilosa, S. altiplanities, S. altissima, S. arenicola, S. arguta, S. auriculata, S. bicolor, S. brachyphylla, S. buckleyi, S. caesia, S. canadensis, S. confinis, S. curtisii, S. delicatula, S. drummondii, S. elongata, S. erecta, S. faucibus, S. fistulosa, S. flexicaulis, S. gattingeri, S. gigantea, S. glomerata, S. guiradonis, S. hispida, S. houghtonii, S. juliae, S. juncea, S. kralii, S. lancifolia, S. latissimifolia, S. leavenworthii, S. leiocarpa, S. lepida, S. ludoviciana, S. macrophylla, S. missouriensis, S. mollis, S. multiradiata, S. nana, S. nemoralis, S. nitida, S. odora, S. ohioensis, S. ouachitensis, S. patula, S. petiolaris, S. pinetorum, S. plumosa, S. ptarmicoides, S. puberula, S. pulchra, S. radula, S. riddellii, S. rigida, S. roanensis, S. rugosa, S. rupestris, S. sciaphila, S. sempervirens, S. shortii, S. simplex, S. spathulata, S. speciosa, S. spectabilis, S. sphacelata, S. spithamaea, S. squarrosa, S. stricta, S. tarda, S. tortifolia, S. uliginosa, S. ulmifolia, S. verna, S. villosicarpa, S. wrightii
S. albopilosa, S. altiplanities, S. altissima, S. arenicola, S. arguta, S. auriculata, S. bicolor, S. brachyphylla, S. buckleyi, S. caesia, S. canadensis, S. confinis, S. curtisii, S. delicatula, S. drummondii, S. elongata, S. erecta, S. faucibus, S. fistulosa, S. flexicaulis, S. gattingeri, S. gigantea, S. glomerata, S. guiradonis, S. hispida, S. houghtonii, S. juliae, S. juncea, S. kralii, S. lancifolia, S. latissimifolia, S. leavenworthii, S. leiocarpa, S. lepida, S. ludoviciana, S. macrophylla, S. missouriensis, S. mollis, S. multiradiata, S. nana, S. nemoralis, S. nitida, S. odora, S. ohioensis, S. ouachitensis, S. patula, S. petiolaris, S. pinetorum, S. plumosa, S. puberula, S. pulchra, S. radula, S. riddellii, S. rigida, S. roanensis, S. rugosa, S. rupestris, S. sciaphila, S. sempervirens, S. shortii, S. simplex, S. spathulata, S. speciosa, S. spectabilis, S. sphacelata, S. spithamaea, S. squarrosa, S. stricta, S. tarda, S. tortifolia, S. uliginosa, S. ulmifolia, S. velutina, S. verna, S. villosicarpa, S. wrightii
Subordinate taxa
S. velutina subsp. californica, S. velutina subsp. sparsiflora
Synonyms Aster velutinus Aster ptarmicoides, Diplopappus albus, Diplopappus ptarmicoides, Doellingeria ptarmicoides, Eucephalus albus, Heleastrum album, Inula alba, Oligoneuron album, S. asteroides, Unamia alba, Unamia ptarmicoides
Name authority de Candolle: in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle, Prodr. 5: 332. (1836) (Torrey & A. Gray) B. Boivin: Phytologia 23: 21. (1972)
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