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twist-leaf goldenrod

hairy goldenrod, verge d'or hispide

Habit Plants 30–130 cm; caudices small, woody, rhizomes creeping, elongate. Plants 20–100 cm; caudices branching.
Stems

1–10, ascending to erect, uniformly finely strigillose-villous distal to mid.

1(–5), erect, simple, glabrous or moderately to densely hispido-villous, sometimes hairs appressed.

Leaves

basal cauline nearly always withering well before flowering, linear-oblanceolate, smaller than proximal mid cauline, serrate;

proximal persisting, sometimes brown-black after senescence, often twisted;

proximal to distal numerous (100+ on tall stems), crowded, sessile, blades (bright green) linear to linear-lanceolate, 20–70 × 2–7(–10) mm, margins remotely serrulate (proximal) to entire or with 1–2 minute serrations (distal), obscurely 3-nerved, one or both faces glabrous or finely strigillose.

basal and proximal cauline tapering to winged petioles, blades broadly oblanceolate to obovate or elliptic, 35–200 (including petioles) × 15–60 mm, margins serrate or crenate, apices acute, faces sparsely to densely hispido-villous, rarely glabrous;

mid and distal cauline sessile, blades elliptic, 15–30 × 5–7 mm, rapidly reduced distally, margins entire.

Peduncles

1–4 mm, finely strigilloso-villous;

bracteoles 0–2, linear, grading into phyllaries.

1.5–2.5 mm, hispido-villous to canescent.

Involucres

narrowly campanulate, 2.5–3.5 mm.

campanulate, 4–6 mm.

Ray florets

2–8;

laminae 1–2 × 0.25–0.5 mm.

6–14;

laminae 1.5–4.5 × 0.5–1 mm.

Disc florets

2–4(–6);

corollas 2.3–3.5 mm, lobes 0.4–1 mm.

6–12;

corollas 3–4.5 mm, lobes 0.6–1.2 mm.

Phyllaries

in 3–4 series, strongly unequal;

outer ovate, acute, inner oblong, obtuse to rounded.

in 3–4 series, appressed, strongly unequal, midribs and tips conspicuously green, margins white, scarious, apices obtuse, glabrous or moderately strigose.

Heads

100–300+, in short to elongate, pyramidal paniculiform arrays, branches recurved, secund.

8–250+ in usually wand-paniculiform arrays of short axillary and terminal racemiform, non-secund clusters, sometimes proximal branches elongated, ascending and bearing short axillary and terminal racemiform clusters.

Cypselae

(narrowly obconic) 1 mm, strigillose;

pappi 2–3 mm.

(narrowly obconic) 1–2.5 mm, glabrous;

pappi 2.5–4 mm (sometimes distinctly clavate).

2n

= 18.

= 18.

Solidago tortifolia

Solidago hispida

Phenology Flowering Aug–Nov (year-round). Flowering Aug–Oct.
Habitat Dry, usually sandy soils, pinelands, embankments Sandy and gravelly soils, disturbed areas, fields, dunes, meadows, open woods, sandy deposits near streams and lakes, rocky outcrops
Elevation 0–100+ m (0–300+ ft) 0–1000+ m (0–3300+ ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; FL; GA; LA; MS; NC; SC; TX; VA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Ray floret color can fade with time, both in the field and on dried specimens, making it difficult to distinguish Solidago hispida from S. bicolor, in which it has sometimes been included. The latter tends to have slightly broader phyllaries and more obviously clavate pappus bristles. The two co-occur in some populations but do not appear to form hybrid swarms with a range in ray corolla color. Three varieties have been described on the basis of growth and pubescence features and are sometimes recognized. These may represent only extremes in continua of variation. Variety lanata has densely villous stems and leaves; such plants occur scattered through much of the range of the species. Two glabrous-stemmed varieties have been described; plants of var. tonsa are relatively small and were first described from Newfoundland; var. huronensis includes relatively tall glabrous plants found growing in sand dunes along the shore of Lake Huron in Michigan and Ontario. The latter plants have been treated as var. tonsa but the name is misapplied. Other varietal names are based on minor variations.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 20, p. 158. FNA vol. 20, p. 120.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Astereae > Solidago > sect. Solidago > subsect. Triplinerviae Asteraceae > tribe Astereae > Solidago > sect. Solidago > subsect. Squarrosae
Sibling taxa
S. albopilosa, S. altiplanities, S. altissima, S. arenicola, S. arguta, S. auriculata, S. bicolor, S. brachyphylla, S. buckleyi, S. caesia, S. canadensis, S. confinis, S. curtisii, S. delicatula, S. drummondii, S. elongata, S. erecta, S. faucibus, S. fistulosa, S. flexicaulis, S. gattingeri, S. gigantea, S. glomerata, S. guiradonis, S. hispida, S. houghtonii, S. juliae, S. juncea, S. kralii, S. lancifolia, S. latissimifolia, S. leavenworthii, S. leiocarpa, S. lepida, S. ludoviciana, S. macrophylla, S. missouriensis, S. mollis, S. multiradiata, S. nana, S. nemoralis, S. nitida, S. odora, S. ohioensis, S. ouachitensis, S. patula, S. petiolaris, S. pinetorum, S. plumosa, S. ptarmicoides, S. puberula, S. pulchra, S. radula, S. riddellii, S. rigida, S. roanensis, S. rugosa, S. rupestris, S. sciaphila, S. sempervirens, S. shortii, S. simplex, S. spathulata, S. speciosa, S. spectabilis, S. sphacelata, S. spithamaea, S. squarrosa, S. stricta, S. tarda, S. uliginosa, S. ulmifolia, S. velutina, S. verna, S. villosicarpa, S. wrightii
S. albopilosa, S. altiplanities, S. altissima, S. arenicola, S. arguta, S. auriculata, S. bicolor, S. brachyphylla, S. buckleyi, S. caesia, S. canadensis, S. confinis, S. curtisii, S. delicatula, S. drummondii, S. elongata, S. erecta, S. faucibus, S. fistulosa, S. flexicaulis, S. gattingeri, S. gigantea, S. glomerata, S. guiradonis, S. houghtonii, S. juliae, S. juncea, S. kralii, S. lancifolia, S. latissimifolia, S. leavenworthii, S. leiocarpa, S. lepida, S. ludoviciana, S. macrophylla, S. missouriensis, S. mollis, S. multiradiata, S. nana, S. nemoralis, S. nitida, S. odora, S. ohioensis, S. ouachitensis, S. patula, S. petiolaris, S. pinetorum, S. plumosa, S. ptarmicoides, S. puberula, S. pulchra, S. radula, S. riddellii, S. rigida, S. roanensis, S. rugosa, S. rupestris, S. sciaphila, S. sempervirens, S. shortii, S. simplex, S. spathulata, S. speciosa, S. spectabilis, S. sphacelata, S. spithamaea, S. squarrosa, S. stricta, S. tarda, S. tortifolia, S. uliginosa, S. ulmifolia, S. velutina, S. verna, S. villosicarpa, S. wrightii
Synonyms Aster bicolor var. lanatus, S. bicolor var. concolor, S. bicolor var. hispida, S. bicolor var. lanata, S. bicolor var. luteola, S. bicolor var. ovalis, S. bicolor var. spathulata, S. earlei, S. hirsuta, S. hispida var. arnoglossa, S. hispida var. disjuncta, S. hispida var. huronensis, S. hispida var. lanata, S. hispida var. tonsa, S. lanata
Name authority Elliott: Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 2: 377. (1823) Muhlenberg ex Willdenow: Sp. Pl. 3: 2063. (1803)
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