The green links below add additional plants to the comparison table. Blue links lead to other Web sites.
enable glossary links

common wrinkle-leaf goldenrod, rough-stem goldenrod, verge d'or rugueuse, wrinkle-leaf goldenrod

Drummond's goldenrod

Habit Plants 30–200 cm; rhizomes long-creeping, forming clones. Plants 30–100 cm; caudices stout, branched, rhizomes thick.
Stems

1–50+, erect, glabrous or densely hispid to strigose.

usually 1, ascending to erect, uniformly short villoso-strigose, occasionally glabrate proximally.

Leaves

basal withering by flowering;

proximal cauline usually withering by flowering, sessile, blades elliptic to lanceolate, 68–104 × 20–25 mm, margins sharply serrate, apices acute to attenuate, abaxial faces usually hispido-strigose (at least on main nerves), nerves sometimes prominent, abaxial glabrate;

mid to distal cauline sessile, blades lanceolate, elliptic or ovate, (15–)40–75(–90) × (6–)12–22(–32) mm, largest at midstem, somewhat reduced to much reduced distally, margins coarsely to finely serrate, ciliate, indument similar to proximal or denser.

basal and proximal cauline short-petiolate, blades broadly ovate or elliptic-ovate, margins serrate, ± 3-nerved and pinnately nerved, abaxial faces (at least) evenly short villoso-strigose;

mid and distal cauline like proximal, 20–70 × 10–40 mm (1.3–2 times as long as wide), usually only those near arrays reduced and 1-nerved.

Peduncles

1–1.8 mm, sparsely to densely hispido-strigillose;

bracteoles linear- lanceolate to ovate.

1–6 mm;

bracteoles ovate, minute, grading into phyllaries.

Involucres

narrowly campanulate, (2–)2.5–3.5(–4.5) mm.

campanulate, 3–4.5 mm.

Ray florets

(4–)6–8(–12);

laminae (0.9–)1–1.6(–2.3) × 0.4–0.7 mm.

3–7;

laminae 1.5–2 × 0.5–1 mm.

Disc florets

(2–)4–6(–8);

corollas 2–3.5(–4.5) mm, lobes (0.5–)0.7–1(–1.3) mm.

4–7;

corollas (abruptly ampliate) 3–3.5 mm, lobes ca. 1 mm.

Phyllaries

in 3–4 series, strongly unequal, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute to obtuse.

in 3 series, strongly unequal, obtuse or rounded;

mid broadly oblong, inner narrowly so.

Heads

50–1500, secund, in secund-pyramidal paniculiform arrays 7–36(–50) × 9–26 cm, compact to lax, branches divergent and recurved, longest 0.8–34 cm, leafy-bracteate.

30–200+, apparently sometimes drooping, in open leafy, secund pyramidal, paniculiform arrays, branches recurved, leafy-bracteate, secund, proximalmost branch sometimes separated by several nodes from next.

Cypselae

(narrowly obconic) 0.9–1.5 mm, moderately strigillose;

pappi 1.8–2.5 mm.

1.5–2 mm (4–8 translucent ribs), moderately short-strigose;

pappi 2–2.5 mm.

2n

= 18.

Solidago rugosa

Solidago drummondii

Phenology Flowering late Jul–Oct.
Habitat Crevices of limestone ledges and bluffs, rocky woods, especially in calcareous soil
Elevation 100–300+ m (300–1000+ ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DE; FL; GA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MO; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AR; IL; MO
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora).

Solidago rugosa is highly variable in size, array shape, and hairiness. It is similar to members of the S. canadensis complex; it differs in not having 3-nerved leaves. The species is divided into two subspecies and five varieties that can be difficult to distinguish.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

A. Cronquist (1980) listed Solidago drummondii as reputedly in Louisiana; K. N. Gandhi and R. D. Thomas (1989) did not see any specimen from that state.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Leaves relatively thin, not very rugose, usually sharply toothed, apices acuminate, glabrous or relatively soft-hairy; ray florets (4–)6–11(–13); northern (subsp. rugosa)
→ 2
1. Leaves relatively thick and firm, strongly rugose-nerved, usually blunt-toothed to subentire, apices often acute, relatively short and stiff hairy; ray florets 4–9; mostly se United States (subsp. aspera)
→ 3
2. Stems and leaves hairy; e Canada and ne United States s to Virginia
var. rugosa
2. Stems and leaves glabrous; coastal cedar bogs and swamps
var. sphagnophila
3. Arrays narrow, proximal branches not much exceeding subtending leaves; herbage sparsely hairy; mid to higher elevations in mountains
var. cronquistiana
3. Arrays wide, usually with elongate proximal branches greatly exceeding subtending leaves; herbage moderately to densely hairy; lower elevations in mountains, piedmont, and coastal plain
→ 4
4. Distal cauline leaves lanceolate to elliptic, not much reduced distally; much of range of subspecies
var. aspera
4. Distal cauline leaves ovate, much reduced distally; outer coastal plain
var. celtidifolia
Source FNA vol. 20, p. 146. FNA vol. 20, p. 149.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Astereae > Solidago > sect. Solidago > subsect. Venosae > ser. Venosae Asteraceae > tribe Astereae > Solidago > sect. Solidago > subsect. Venosae > ser. Drummondiani
Sibling taxa
S. albopilosa, S. altiplanities, S. altissima, S. arenicola, S. arguta, S. auriculata, S. bicolor, S. brachyphylla, S. buckleyi, S. caesia, S. canadensis, S. confinis, S. curtisii, S. delicatula, S. drummondii, S. elongata, S. erecta, S. faucibus, S. fistulosa, S. flexicaulis, S. gattingeri, S. gigantea, S. glomerata, S. guiradonis, S. hispida, S. houghtonii, S. juliae, S. juncea, S. kralii, S. lancifolia, S. latissimifolia, S. leavenworthii, S. leiocarpa, S. lepida, S. ludoviciana, S. macrophylla, S. missouriensis, S. mollis, S. multiradiata, S. nana, S. nemoralis, S. nitida, S. odora, S. ohioensis, S. ouachitensis, S. patula, S. petiolaris, S. pinetorum, S. plumosa, S. ptarmicoides, S. puberula, S. pulchra, S. radula, S. riddellii, S. rigida, S. roanensis, S. rupestris, S. sciaphila, S. sempervirens, S. shortii, S. simplex, S. spathulata, S. speciosa, S. spectabilis, S. sphacelata, S. spithamaea, S. squarrosa, S. stricta, S. tarda, S. tortifolia, S. uliginosa, S. ulmifolia, S. velutina, S. verna, S. villosicarpa, S. wrightii
S. albopilosa, S. altiplanities, S. altissima, S. arenicola, S. arguta, S. auriculata, S. bicolor, S. brachyphylla, S. buckleyi, S. caesia, S. canadensis, S. confinis, S. curtisii, S. delicatula, S. elongata, S. erecta, S. faucibus, S. fistulosa, S. flexicaulis, S. gattingeri, S. gigantea, S. glomerata, S. guiradonis, S. hispida, S. houghtonii, S. juliae, S. juncea, S. kralii, S. lancifolia, S. latissimifolia, S. leavenworthii, S. leiocarpa, S. lepida, S. ludoviciana, S. macrophylla, S. missouriensis, S. mollis, S. multiradiata, S. nana, S. nemoralis, S. nitida, S. odora, S. ohioensis, S. ouachitensis, S. patula, S. petiolaris, S. pinetorum, S. plumosa, S. ptarmicoides, S. puberula, S. pulchra, S. radula, S. riddellii, S. rigida, S. roanensis, S. rugosa, S. rupestris, S. sciaphila, S. sempervirens, S. shortii, S. simplex, S. spathulata, S. speciosa, S. spectabilis, S. sphacelata, S. spithamaea, S. squarrosa, S. stricta, S. tarda, S. tortifolia, S. uliginosa, S. ulmifolia, S. velutina, S. verna, S. villosicarpa, S. wrightii
Subordinate taxa
S. rugosa var. aspera, S. rugosa var. celtidifolia, S. rugosa var. cronquistiana, S. rugosa var. rugosa, S. rugosa var. sphagnophila
Synonyms Aster rugosus Aster torreyi
Name authority Miller: Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Solidago no. 25. (1768) Torrey & A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 2: 217. (1842)
Web links