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Dixie goldenrod

common wrinkle-leaf goldenrod, rough-stem goldenrod, verge d'or rugueuse, wrinkle-leaf goldenrod

Habit Plants 50–120 cm; rhizomes short, caudexlike. Plants 30–200 cm; rhizomes long-creeping, forming clones.
Stems

1–5, sparsely to moderately strigoso-puberulent.

1–50+, erect, glabrous or densely hispid to strigose.

Leaves

basal petioles 3–5 cm, blades oblanceolate or spatulate to ovate or rotund, 2–4 cm (excluding petioles);

cauline (numerous) subsessile or sessile, blades elliptic or lance-elliptic to ovate, mid mostly 25–50(–65) × 10–25 mm, distal much reduced;

branch leaf petioles 1 mm, blades ovate, 5–15 (excluding petioles) × 2–10 mm.

basal withering by flowering;

proximal cauline usually withering by flowering, sessile, blades elliptic to lanceolate, 68–104 × 20–25 mm, margins sharply serrate, apices acute to attenuate, abaxial faces usually hispido-strigose (at least on main nerves), nerves sometimes prominent, abaxial glabrate;

mid to distal cauline sessile, blades lanceolate, elliptic or ovate, (15–)40–75(–90) × (6–)12–22(–32) mm, largest at midstem, somewhat reduced to much reduced distally, margins coarsely to finely serrate, ciliate, indument similar to proximal or denser.

Peduncles

linear, 1–3 mm, bracteate.

1–1.8 mm, sparsely to densely hispido-strigillose;

bracteoles linear- lanceolate to ovate.

Involucres

narrowly campanulate, 3–5 mm.

narrowly campanulate, (2–)2.5–3.5(–4.5) mm.

Ray florets

0(–2).

(4–)6–8(–12);

laminae (0.9–)1–1.6(–2.3) × 0.4–0.7 mm.

Disc florets

4–8;

corollas 3 mm, lobes 1 mm.

(2–)4–6(–8);

corollas 2–3.5(–4.5) mm, lobes (0.5–)0.7–1(–1.3) mm.

Phyllaries

in 3–4 series, lanceolate, strongly unequal, margins ciliate, apices acute, glabrous.

in 3–4 series, strongly unequal, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute to obtuse.

Heads

75–200 in open paniculiform arrays, branches divaricate, ascending to recurved, weakly to strongly secund, to 50 cm, secondary branches less than 3 cm.

50–1500, secund, in secund-pyramidal paniculiform arrays 7–36(–50) × 9–26 cm, compact to lax, branches divergent and recurved, longest 0.8–34 cm, leafy-bracteate.

Cypselae

2.5–3 mm, moderately short-strigose;

pappi 2 mm.

(narrowly obconic) 0.9–1.5 mm, moderately strigillose;

pappi 1.8–2.5 mm.

2n

= 18.

Solidago brachyphylla

Solidago rugosa

Phenology Flowering (Sep–)Oct(–Nov).
Habitat Open woods, coastal plain, and piedmont
Elevation 10–100+ m (0–300+ ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; FL; GA; NC; SC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DE; FL; GA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MO; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Solidago brachyphylla possibly occurs also in Mississippi.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora).

Solidago rugosa is highly variable in size, array shape, and hairiness. It is similar to members of the S. canadensis complex; it differs in not having 3-nerved leaves. The species is divided into two subspecies and five varieties that can be difficult to distinguish.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Leaves relatively thin, not very rugose, usually sharply toothed, apices acuminate, glabrous or relatively soft-hairy; ray florets (4–)6–11(–13); northern (subsp. rugosa)
→ 2
1. Leaves relatively thick and firm, strongly rugose-nerved, usually blunt-toothed to subentire, apices often acute, relatively short and stiff hairy; ray florets 4–9; mostly se United States (subsp. aspera)
→ 3
2. Stems and leaves hairy; e Canada and ne United States s to Virginia
var. rugosa
2. Stems and leaves glabrous; coastal cedar bogs and swamps
var. sphagnophila
3. Arrays narrow, proximal branches not much exceeding subtending leaves; herbage sparsely hairy; mid to higher elevations in mountains
var. cronquistiana
3. Arrays wide, usually with elongate proximal branches greatly exceeding subtending leaves; herbage moderately to densely hairy; lower elevations in mountains, piedmont, and coastal plain
→ 4
4. Distal cauline leaves lanceolate to elliptic, not much reduced distally; much of range of subspecies
var. aspera
4. Distal cauline leaves ovate, much reduced distally; outer coastal plain
var. celtidifolia
Source FNA vol. 20, p. 133. FNA vol. 20, p. 146.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Astereae > Solidago > sect. Solidago > subsect. Argutae > ser. Argutae Asteraceae > tribe Astereae > Solidago > sect. Solidago > subsect. Venosae > ser. Venosae
Sibling taxa
S. albopilosa, S. altiplanities, S. altissima, S. arenicola, S. arguta, S. auriculata, S. bicolor, S. buckleyi, S. caesia, S. canadensis, S. confinis, S. curtisii, S. delicatula, S. drummondii, S. elongata, S. erecta, S. faucibus, S. fistulosa, S. flexicaulis, S. gattingeri, S. gigantea, S. glomerata, S. guiradonis, S. hispida, S. houghtonii, S. juliae, S. juncea, S. kralii, S. lancifolia, S. latissimifolia, S. leavenworthii, S. leiocarpa, S. lepida, S. ludoviciana, S. macrophylla, S. missouriensis, S. mollis, S. multiradiata, S. nana, S. nemoralis, S. nitida, S. odora, S. ohioensis, S. ouachitensis, S. patula, S. petiolaris, S. pinetorum, S. plumosa, S. ptarmicoides, S. puberula, S. pulchra, S. radula, S. riddellii, S. rigida, S. roanensis, S. rugosa, S. rupestris, S. sciaphila, S. sempervirens, S. shortii, S. simplex, S. spathulata, S. speciosa, S. spectabilis, S. sphacelata, S. spithamaea, S. squarrosa, S. stricta, S. tarda, S. tortifolia, S. uliginosa, S. ulmifolia, S. velutina, S. verna, S. villosicarpa, S. wrightii
S. albopilosa, S. altiplanities, S. altissima, S. arenicola, S. arguta, S. auriculata, S. bicolor, S. brachyphylla, S. buckleyi, S. caesia, S. canadensis, S. confinis, S. curtisii, S. delicatula, S. drummondii, S. elongata, S. erecta, S. faucibus, S. fistulosa, S. flexicaulis, S. gattingeri, S. gigantea, S. glomerata, S. guiradonis, S. hispida, S. houghtonii, S. juliae, S. juncea, S. kralii, S. lancifolia, S. latissimifolia, S. leavenworthii, S. leiocarpa, S. lepida, S. ludoviciana, S. macrophylla, S. missouriensis, S. mollis, S. multiradiata, S. nana, S. nemoralis, S. nitida, S. odora, S. ohioensis, S. ouachitensis, S. patula, S. petiolaris, S. pinetorum, S. plumosa, S. ptarmicoides, S. puberula, S. pulchra, S. radula, S. riddellii, S. rigida, S. roanensis, S. rupestris, S. sciaphila, S. sempervirens, S. shortii, S. simplex, S. spathulata, S. speciosa, S. spectabilis, S. sphacelata, S. spithamaea, S. squarrosa, S. stricta, S. tarda, S. tortifolia, S. uliginosa, S. ulmifolia, S. velutina, S. verna, S. villosicarpa, S. wrightii
Subordinate taxa
S. rugosa var. aspera, S. rugosa var. celtidifolia, S. rugosa var. cronquistiana, S. rugosa var. rugosa, S. rugosa var. sphagnophila
Synonyms S. boottii var. brachyphylla, S. pallescens Aster rugosus
Name authority Chapman ex Torrey & A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 2: 218. (1842) Miller: Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Solidago no. 25. (1768)
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