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tropical soda apple

bitter nightshade, bittersweet, bittersweet nightshade, blue bindweed, climbing nightshade, European bittersweet, felonwort

Habit Shrubs, erect, sparsely armed, 0.5–2 m, prickles white or yellowish, straight or recurved, 1–25 mm, densely pubescent, hairs unbranched, short-glandular and longer-eglandular, with sessile, stellate hairs on abaxial leaf surface, these 4(–5)-rayed, central ray shorter than lateral rays.
Leaves

petiolate;

petiole 3–6 cm;

blade simple, ovate to suborbiculate, 7–10(–20) × 6–8(–15) cm, margins coarsely lobed with 3–5 lobes per side, lobe margins entire to coarsely toothed, base truncate to cordate.

petiolate;

petiole 0.5–5 cm;

blade simple, elliptic or ovate to cordate, 2.5–12 × 1.2–9 cm, margins entire to deeply pinnatifid and usually 3-lobed near base, lobe margins entire, base truncate to cordate.

Inflorescences

extra-axillary, sessile or nearly so, unbranched, 3–5-flowered.

terminal or lateral, extra-axillary, much-branched, 7–40-flowered, (1–)4–15 cm.

Pedicels

0.7–1.1 cm in flower, 1–2 cm in fruit.

inserted into a small sleeve on the inflorescence axis, 0.6–1.2 cm in flower and fruit.

Flowers

radially symmetric;

calyx somewhat accrescent, unarmed or sparsely prickly, 3–4 mm, densely pubescent, lobes triangular;

corolla greenish or whitish, stellate, 1.5–2.5 cm diam., without interpetalar tissue;

stamens equal;

anthers narrow and tapered, 5.5–7(–10) mm, dehiscent by terminal pores;

ovary densely pubescent, hairs glandular and eglandular.

radially symmetric;

calyx not accrescent, unarmed, 1–2 mm, glabrous to densely pubescent, lobes triangular, shallow;

corolla purple (rarely white), with green and white shiny spots at base of each lobe, deeply stellate, 1.5–2 cm diam., without interpetalar tissue;

stamens equal;

anthers oblong, slightly tapered, 4.5–6 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores that often open into longitudinal slits;

ovary glabrous.

Berries

light green mottled with dark green when young, yellow when ripe, globose, (1.5–)2–3 cm diam., glabrous, without sclerotic granules.

bright shiny red, globose to ellipsoidal, 0.5–1.5 × 0.5–1 cm, glabrous, without sclerotic granules.

Seeds

reddish brown, flattened, 2–3 × 2–2.5 mm, minutely pitted.

pale yellow or tan, flattened, 2–3 mm diam., minutely pitted.

Vines

, climbing or scrambling, herbaceous or woody, unarmed, to 8–10 m, sparsely to densely pubescent, hairs unbranched and/or dendritic, rarely glabrous.

2n

= 24.

= 24.

Solanum viarum

Solanum dulcamara

Phenology Flowering May–frost (year-round in Fla.). Flowering May–Nov.
Habitat Pastures, roadsides, disturbed areas. Weedy, in a wide variety of habitats, often associated with water.
Elevation 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.) 0–2000 m. (0–6600 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; FL; GA; LA; MS; NC; PA; SC; TN; TX; South America (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay); intro­duced also in Asia (India); Africa [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SD; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Eurasia
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

In the United States, Solanum viarum was first collected in Florida in 1988 and has subsequently become an aggressive and invasive species in the Southeast. It is on the Federal Noxious Weeds List and is classified as a noxious weed or plant pest in many states. Cattle and other animals eat the fruits and spread the seeds through their feces, and the seeds are coated with a sticky substance that makes them adhere to farm equipment when the plants are mowed. It can form large patches that are difficult to eradicate due to their extensive root systems and sharp prickles. It is a major agricultural pest and a threat to native ecosystems.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Solanum dulcamara is widely distributed across Eurasia and boreal North America. The North American populations are thought to be introductions, but it is possible that the species has a truly circumboreal distribution. A white-flowered form has been recognized by some authors as S. dulcamara forma albiflorum House and an especially pubescent form as S. dulcamara var. villosissimum, but variation in a number of morphological features is continuous across the range of the species and these and other variants are not recognized in the latest monograph of the group (S. Knapp 2013).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 14. FNA vol. 14.
Parent taxa Solanaceae > Solanum Solanaceae > Solanum
Sibling taxa
S. americanum, S. aviculare, S. bahamense, S. campechiense, S. capsicoides, S. carolinense, S. chenopodioides, S. citrullifolium, S. cordicitum, S. davisense, S. deflexum, S. dimidiatum, S. diphyllum, S. donianum, S. douglasii, S. dulcamara, S. elaeagnifolium, S. emulans, S. erianthum, S. furcatum, S. hindsianum, S. interius, S. jamaicense, S. jamesii, S. laciniatum, S. lanceolatum, S. lumholtzianum, S. lycopersicum, S. marginatum, S. mauritianum, S. nigrescens, S. nigrum, S. nitidibaccatum, S. novomexicanum, S. perplexum, S. pseudocapsicum, S. pseudogracile, S. pumilum, S. rostratum, S. sarrachoides, S. seaforthianum, S. setigeroides, S. sisymbriifolium, S. stoloniferum, S. tampicense, S. tenuipes, S. torvum, S. triflorum, S. triquetrum, S. umbelliferum, S. wallacei
S. americanum, S. aviculare, S. bahamense, S. campechiense, S. capsicoides, S. carolinense, S. chenopodioides, S. citrullifolium, S. cordicitum, S. davisense, S. deflexum, S. dimidiatum, S. diphyllum, S. donianum, S. douglasii, S. elaeagnifolium, S. emulans, S. erianthum, S. furcatum, S. hindsianum, S. interius, S. jamaicense, S. jamesii, S. laciniatum, S. lanceolatum, S. lumholtzianum, S. lycopersicum, S. marginatum, S. mauritianum, S. nigrescens, S. nigrum, S. nitidibaccatum, S. novomexicanum, S. perplexum, S. pseudocapsicum, S. pseudogracile, S. pumilum, S. rostratum, S. sarrachoides, S. seaforthianum, S. setigeroides, S. sisymbriifolium, S. stoloniferum, S. tampicense, S. tenuipes, S. torvum, S. triflorum, S. triquetrum, S. umbelliferum, S. viarum, S. wallacei
Synonyms S. dulcamara var. villosissimum
Name authority Dunal in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle: Prodr. 13(1): 240. (1852) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 185. (1753)
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