Solanum nigrum |
Solanum douglasii |
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black nightshade, European black nightshade |
Douglas' nightshade, greenspot nightshade |
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Habit | Herbs, annual or perennial, erect or sprawling, unarmed, to 1 m, glabrescent to moderately pubescent, hairs unbranched, to 1 mm, usually eglandular or occasionally glandular. | Herbs or shrubs, perennial, erect, unarmed, to 1.5(–3) m, sparsely to moderately pubescent, hairs white, curved, unbranched, 0.5–1 mm, eglandular. |
Leaves | petiolate; petiole 0.5–3 cm; blade simple, ovate, 3.5–7 × 2.2–5 cm, margins entire to coarsely toothed with 3–5 lobes per side, base truncate to cuneate. |
petiolate; petiole 0.5–3(–7) cm; blade simple, ovate, 1–5(–9) × 0.5–3(–6) cm, margins entire to coarsely and irregularly toothed, base truncate to acute and decurrent. |
Inflorescences | extra-axillary, unbranched or occasionally forked, racemelike, (3–)4–10-flowered, 1–2 cm. |
extra-axillary or leaf-opposed, unbranched, racemelike, 2–7(–14)-flowered, 2–4 cm. |
Pedicels | 0.5–1 cm, spreading to occasionally recurved in flower and fruit. |
0.5–1 cm in flower and fruit, nodding or deflexed downward in fruit. |
Flowers | radially symmetric; calyx not accrescent, unarmed, 1.5–2 mm, sparsely pubescent, lobes deltate, spreading to reflexed in fruit; corolla white with yellowish central star, stellate, 1–1.5 cm diam., without interpetalar tissue; stamens equal; anthers ellipsoidal, (1.8–)2–2.5 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores that open into longitudinal slits; ovary glabrous. |
radially symmetric; calyx not accrescent, unarmed, 2–3 mm, sparsely pubescent, lobes deltate; corolla white with yellow-green to brownish central star, stellate, 1–2 cm diam., without interpetalar tissue; stamens equal; anthers ellipsoidal and slightly tapered towards the tips, (2.5–)3–4.5 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores that open into longitudinal slits; ovary glabrous. |
Berries | dull or slightly shiny purple-black or green to yellowish green, globose, 0.5–1 cm diam., glabrous, without sclerotic granules. |
dull purplish black, globose, 0.5–1 cm diam., glabrous, with (2–)6–8 sclerotic granules per fruit. |
Seeds | yellow, flattened, 1.8–2 × 1.5–1.6 mm, minutely pitted. |
pale yellow to tan, flattened, 1.5–2 × 1–1.5 mm, finely reticulate. |
2n | = 72. |
= 24. |
Solanum nigrum |
Solanum douglasii |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Oct. | Flowering Mar–Nov (nearly year-round in Calif.). |
Habitat | Disturbed areas, irrigated fields. | Dry shrubland, woodland, rocky slopes, stream banks, canyons. |
Elevation | 0–2200 m. (0–7200 ft.) | 0–2500 m. (0–8200 ft.) |
Distribution |
AK; CA; DC; FL; GA; IA; ID; MA; MD; ME; MO; MT; NC; NJ; NV; NY; OK; OR; PA; TX; UT; VA; WA; BC; NS; ON; Eurasia; n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia]
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AZ; CA; NM; TX; Mexico; West Indies (Guadeloupe); Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua)
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Discussion | Many regional floras have used Solanum nigrum as the name for various species in the black nightshade group, and it can be difficult to distinguish this species from S. emulans and S. nigrescens. Solanum nigrum can be distinguished from the native North American species of the black nightshade group (S. americanum, S. douglasii, S. emulans, S. interius, S. nigrescens) by its thicker peduncles and pedicels, larger seeds, and fruits lacking sclerotic granules. Solanum nigrum was probably introduced from northern Europe and has been locally naturalized in North America. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Solanum douglasii is most commonly found west of the Rocky Mountains. It can be difficult to distinguish from S. nigrescens, but its longer, slightly tapered anthers on very short (relative to anther length) filaments is a good distinguishing character for plants in flower. The buds of S. douglasii are more pointed than those of S. nigrescens. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 14. | FNA vol. 14. |
Parent taxa | Solanaceae > Solanum | Solanaceae > Solanum |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | S. nigrum subsp. schultesii | S. arizonicum |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 186. (1753) | Dunal in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle: Prodr. 13(1): 48. (1852) |
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