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earleaf nightshade

redberry nightshade

Habit Shrubs or small trees, erect, unarmed, 2–12 m, densely pubescent, hairs white, sessile to long-stalked, stellate to echinoid. Herbs, annual, usually spreading, densely armed, to 0.5(–1) m, prickles pale yellow, straight, to 10 mm, sparsely to densely tomentose, hairs nearly sessile to thick-stalked, stellate, 4–9-rayed, central ray equal to or slightly longer than lateral rays.
Leaves

petiolate;

petiole 1–8 cm;

blade simple, elliptic to ovate, 11–31 × 4–14 cm, margins entire, base acute, often with smaller axillary leaves.

petiolate;

petiole 1–5 cm;

blade simple, ovate, 4–13 × 3–12 cm, margins deeply lobed with 2–4 lobes per side, these with additional coarse, acute teeth or shallow lobes, base cordate.

Inflorescences

terminal, becoming leaf-opposed, much-branched, 50–100-flowered, 5–24 cm.

extra-axillary, unbranched, 1–3(–6)-flowered, 0.5–2(–5) cm.

Pedicels

erect and 0.2–0.5 cm in flower and fruit.

0.5–1 cm in flower, 1–2 cm in fruit.

Flowers

radially symmetric;

calyx slightly accrescent, unarmed, 4–7.5 mm, densely pubescent, lobes deltate;

corolla purple, stellate-pentagonal, 1–1.5 cm diam., with abundant interpetalar tissue;

stamens equal;

anthers oblong, 2–3.5 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores that open into longitudinal slits;

ovary tomentose.

radially symmetric;

calyx somewhat accrescent and partially covering fruit, densely prickly, 4–6 mm, densely stellate-pubescent, lobes narrowly triangular;

corolla white, bluish white, blue, or lilac, rotate-campanulate, 1–1.5 cm diam., with abundant interpetalar tissue;

stamens equal;

anthers narrow and tapered, 2–5 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores;

ovary glabrous.

Berries

yellow, globose, 1–1.5 cm diam., tomentose, without sclerotic granules.

purplish, greenish, or yellowish, globose, 1.5–2 cm diam., glabrous, without sclerotic granules.

Seeds

yellowish brown, flattened, 1.5–2.5 × 1.5–2 mm, minutely pitted.

yellowish brown, flattened, 1.8–3 × 1.4–2 mm, pustulate.

2n

= 24.

Solanum mauritianum

Solanum campechiense

Phenology Flowering Mar–Jul. Flowering Feb–Dec.
Habitat Disturbed sites. Muddy edges of ephemeral lakes and streams, tropical and subtropical dry forest.
Elevation 0–500 m. (0–1600 ft.) 0–100 m. (0–300 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; FL; South America (Brazil, Uruguay) [Introduced also in Asia (India), Africa, Atlantic Islands, Indian Ocean Islands, Pacific Islands, Australia]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
TX; Muddy edges of ephemeral lakes and streams; tropical and subtropical dry forest; Mexico (Chiapas, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán); West Indies; Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras); South America (Ecuador, Peru)
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

In Florida, Solanum mauritianum has become naturalized and common only at one site in Pasco County. It also occurs frequently in southern California from Santa Barbara south to San Diego with urban waifs in the Bay Area. It appears to be spreading into relatively undisturbed riparian areas in the San Gabriel Mountains and may become a widespread pest.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

In the flora region, Solanum campechiense is found in southernmost Texas. Although D. S. Correll and M. C. Johnston (1970) stated that the fruits are cherry-red at maturity, the specimens seen indicate that they turn purplish when ripe.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 14. FNA vol. 14.
Parent taxa Solanaceae > Solanum Solanaceae > Solanum
Sibling taxa
S. americanum, S. aviculare, S. bahamense, S. campechiense, S. capsicoides, S. carolinense, S. chenopodioides, S. citrullifolium, S. cordicitum, S. davisense, S. deflexum, S. dimidiatum, S. diphyllum, S. donianum, S. douglasii, S. dulcamara, S. elaeagnifolium, S. emulans, S. erianthum, S. furcatum, S. hindsianum, S. interius, S. jamaicense, S. jamesii, S. laciniatum, S. lanceolatum, S. lumholtzianum, S. lycopersicum, S. marginatum, S. nigrescens, S. nigrum, S. nitidibaccatum, S. novomexicanum, S. perplexum, S. pseudocapsicum, S. pseudogracile, S. pumilum, S. rostratum, S. sarrachoides, S. seaforthianum, S. setigeroides, S. sisymbriifolium, S. stoloniferum, S. tampicense, S. tenuipes, S. torvum, S. triflorum, S. triquetrum, S. umbelliferum, S. viarum, S. wallacei
S. americanum, S. aviculare, S. bahamense, S. capsicoides, S. carolinense, S. chenopodioides, S. citrullifolium, S. cordicitum, S. davisense, S. deflexum, S. dimidiatum, S. diphyllum, S. donianum, S. douglasii, S. dulcamara, S. elaeagnifolium, S. emulans, S. erianthum, S. furcatum, S. hindsianum, S. interius, S. jamaicense, S. jamesii, S. laciniatum, S. lanceolatum, S. lumholtzianum, S. lycopersicum, S. marginatum, S. mauritianum, S. nigrescens, S. nigrum, S. nitidibaccatum, S. novomexicanum, S. perplexum, S. pseudocapsicum, S. pseudogracile, S. pumilum, S. rostratum, S. sarrachoides, S. seaforthianum, S. setigeroides, S. sisymbriifolium, S. stoloniferum, S. tampicense, S. tenuipes, S. torvum, S. triflorum, S. triquetrum, S. umbelliferum, S. viarum, S. wallacei
Synonyms S. auriculatum
Name authority Scopoli: Delic. Fl. Faun. Insubr. 3: 16, plate 8. (1788) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 187. (1753)
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