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mullein nightshade, potato tree

buffalo berry, buffalo-bur, buffalobur nightshade, horned nightshade, spiny nightshade

Habit Shrubs or small trees, erect, unarmed, 2–8 m, densely pubescent, hairs sessile to short-stalked, stellate to echinoid. Herbs, annual, erect, moderately to densely armed, to 1 m, prickles yellow, straight, to 12 mm, moderately to densely pubescent, hairs sessile to long-stalked, stellate, 6–10-rayed, central ray equal to or longer than lateral rays.
Leaves

petiolate;

petiole 1–10 cm;

blade simple, elliptic to ovate, 10–25 × 3–15 cm, margins entire, base rounded or acute.

petiolate;

petiole 2–10 cm;

blade simple to twice-compound, ovate to elliptic, (2–)4–16 × 3–12 cm, margins lobed to 1–2 times divided with 2–4 main leaflets per side, leaflets with deep, rounded lobes, base truncate to subcordate.

Inflorescences

terminal, becoming leaf-opposed, much-branched, 10–50-flowered, 5–20 cm.

extra-axillary, unbranched, 5–12-flowered, 4–11 cm.

Pedicels

0.2–0.6 cm in flower, erect and 0.4–10 cm in fruit.

0.5–1.5 cm in flower, erect and 0.5–1.5 cm in fruit.

Flowers

radially symmetric;

calyx accrescent and subtending fruit, unarmed, 5–7 mm, densely pubescent, hairs stellate to echinoid, lobes broadly triangular;

corolla white, stellate, 1–2 cm diam., without interpetalar tissue;

stamens equal;

anthers oblong, 2.5–3.5 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores that open into longitudinal slits;

ovary tomentose, hairs stellate or echinoid.

bilaterally symmetric;

calyx accrescent and tightly covering fruit, densely prickly or bristly, 7.5–12.5 mm, densely stellate-pubescent, lobes linear to lanceolate;

corolla yellow, rotate-pentagonal, 1.5–3.5 cm diam., with abundant interpetalar tissue;

stamens unequal, lowermost much longer and curved;

anthers narrow and tapered, dehiscent by terminal pores, short anthers 4, yellow, 6–8 mm, longer anther reddish or purplish, 10–14 mm;

ovary glabrous.

Berries

yellow to orange, globose, 1–2 cm diam., densely pubescent, without sclerotic granules.

brown, globose, 1–1.2 cm diam., glabrous, dry, without sclerotic granules.

Seeds

yellowish brown, flattened, 1.5–2 × 1–1.5 mm, minutely pitted.

dark brown, flattened, 2–3 × 1.8–2 mm, minutely pitted and irregularly ridged.

2n

= 24.

= 24.

Solanum erianthum

Solanum rostratum

Phenology Flowering Apr–Oct (year-round in Fla.). Flowering year-round.
Habitat Hammocks, pinelands, disturbed sites. Disturbed sites, versatile in soil tolerance, roadsides, pasturelands.
Elevation 0–100 m. (0–300 ft.) 0–2500 m. (0–8200 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
FL; TX; Mexico; Central America; West Indies; South America (Colombia) [Introduced in Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands (including the Galapagos Islands), Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; BC; NB; NS; ON; QC; Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

In the United States, Solanum erianthum is common only in central to southern Florida and in extreme southern Texas near the Gulf of Mexico.

The name Solanum verbascifolium Linnaeus has been widely misapplied to S. erianthum (K. E. Roe 1968), but is a synonym of S. donianum that has now been rejected.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Solanum rostratum is widespread in the central Mexican highlands from Chihuahua and Coahuila to Puebla and Oaxaca, and its native range likely extends from Mexico City north to the United States Great Plains. It is widely introduced outside this presumed area of origin.

Solanum rostratum is considered a noxious weed in several states. It is often invasive in gardens, pastures, and disturbed areas. The plants are extremely spiny, and there are reports of pigs being poisoned by eating the berries and roots. This species is thought to be the original host of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) before potatoes were widely cultivated in the western and central United States. The beetle then adopted potatoes as its primary host and rapidly spread eastward.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 14. FNA vol. 14.
Parent taxa Solanaceae > Solanum Solanaceae > Solanum
Sibling taxa
S. americanum, S. aviculare, S. bahamense, S. campechiense, S. capsicoides, S. carolinense, S. chenopodioides, S. citrullifolium, S. cordicitum, S. davisense, S. deflexum, S. dimidiatum, S. diphyllum, S. donianum, S. douglasii, S. dulcamara, S. elaeagnifolium, S. emulans, S. furcatum, S. hindsianum, S. interius, S. jamaicense, S. jamesii, S. laciniatum, S. lanceolatum, S. lumholtzianum, S. lycopersicum, S. marginatum, S. mauritianum, S. nigrescens, S. nigrum, S. nitidibaccatum, S. novomexicanum, S. perplexum, S. pseudocapsicum, S. pseudogracile, S. pumilum, S. rostratum, S. sarrachoides, S. seaforthianum, S. setigeroides, S. sisymbriifolium, S. stoloniferum, S. tampicense, S. tenuipes, S. torvum, S. triflorum, S. triquetrum, S. umbelliferum, S. viarum, S. wallacei
S. americanum, S. aviculare, S. bahamense, S. campechiense, S. capsicoides, S. carolinense, S. chenopodioides, S. citrullifolium, S. cordicitum, S. davisense, S. deflexum, S. dimidiatum, S. diphyllum, S. donianum, S. douglasii, S. dulcamara, S. elaeagnifolium, S. emulans, S. erianthum, S. furcatum, S. hindsianum, S. interius, S. jamaicense, S. jamesii, S. laciniatum, S. lanceolatum, S. lumholtzianum, S. lycopersicum, S. marginatum, S. mauritianum, S. nigrescens, S. nigrum, S. nitidibaccatum, S. novomexicanum, S. perplexum, S. pseudocapsicum, S. pseudogracile, S. pumilum, S. sarrachoides, S. seaforthianum, S. setigeroides, S. sisymbriifolium, S. stoloniferum, S. tampicense, S. tenuipes, S. torvum, S. triflorum, S. triquetrum, S. umbelliferum, S. viarum, S. wallacei
Synonyms Androcera rostrata, S. heterandrum
Name authority D. Don: Prodr. Fl. Nepal., 96. (1825) Dunal: Hist. Nat. Solanum, 234, plate 24. (1813)
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