Solanum elaeagnifolium |
Solanum tampicense |
|
|---|---|---|
|
horse nettle, silver-leaf nightshade, white horse-nettle |
aquatic soda apple, scrambling nightshade |
|
| Habit | Herbs or shrubs, perennial, erect, rhizomatous, sparsely to densely armed, to 1 m, prickles orange to brown, straight, to 5 mm, densely silvery-pubescent, hairs sessile or subsessile, stellate, scalelike, 10–15-rayed, central ray shorter than lateral rays, lateral rays fused at center. | Shrubs, scandent, branches 1–2+ m, moderately to densely armed, prickles yellow, recurved, 2–8 mm, glabrate to sparsely pubescent, hairs tan to reddish, stellate, 3–6-rayed, central ray equal to lateral rays. |
| Leaves | petiolate; petiole 1–5 cm; blade simple, lanceolate to oblong, 5–15 × 0.5–3 cm, margins undulate, subentire to sinuate or shallowly lobed, lobe margins entire, base truncate to cuneate. |
petiolate; petiole 1–4 cm; blade simple, ovate, 4–16 × 2–6 cm, margins shallowly to moderately lobed with 2–5 lobes per side, lobe margins entire, base cuneate and slightly decurrent. |
| Inflorescences | extra-axillary, unbranched, 3–5(–7)-flowered, 3–5 cm. |
extra-axillary, unbranched, 3–10-flowered, 1–4 cm. |
| Pedicels | 1–3 cm in flower, reflexed and 1–3 cm in fruit. |
0.5–2 cm in flower and fruit. |
| Flowers | radially symmetric; calyx not accrescent, unarmed or with sparse prickles, 5–10 mm, densely silvery-stellate-pubescent, lobes linear-lanceolate; corolla pale to deep blue or violet, rarely white, pentagonal-stellate, 2–3(–3.5) cm diam., with abundant interpetalar tissue; stamens equal; anthers narrow and tapered, 6–9 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores; ovary glabrous to densely stellate-pubescent. |
radially symmetric; calyx not accrescent, sometimes prickly, 2–5 mm, glabrous, lobes narrowly triangular; corolla white to cream, stellate, 1.5–2 cm diam., without interpetalar tissue; stamens equal; anthers narrow and tapered, 4–6 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores; ovary glabrous. |
| Berries | yellow to orange, drying brown or black, globose, 0.5–1.5 cm diam., glabrous, without sclerotic granules. |
red, globose, 0.5–0.8 cm diam., glabrous, without sclerotic granules. |
| Seeds | yellowish, flattened, 3–5 × 2–4 mm, minutely pitted. |
yellow, flattened, 1.5–2 × 1–1.5 mm, minutely pitted and ridged. |
| 2n | = 24, 48, 72. |
|
Solanum elaeagnifolium |
Solanum tampicense |
|
| Phenology | Flowering Mar–Nov. | Flowering Feb–Dec. |
| Habitat | Dry sites, open woods, disturbed areas, roadsides, railroads, fields. | Swamps, riverbanks, wet areas. |
| Elevation | 0–2100 m. [0–6900 ft.] | 0–200 m. [0–700 ft.] |
| Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; FL; GA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NE; NM; NV; OK; OR; SC; TN; TX; UT; WA; Mexico; West Indies; South America (Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay) [Introduced elsewhere in South America (Colombia, Peru), Eurasia (Mediterranean, Middle East, India, Pakistan), Africa, Australia]
|
FL; TX; Mexico; Central America; West Indies (Cuba, Lesser Antilles); South America (Colombia, Venezuela) [Introduced in North America] |
| Discussion | Solanum elaeagnifolium has a disjunct native distribution. It occurs in arid regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico and also in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. North American plants are diploid, whereas those in Argentina are diploid, tetraploid, or hexaploid. It is invasive and considered a noxious weed in 21 states in the flora area as well as in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is toxic to livestock and can form large, rhizomatous patches that are difficult to eradicate. A white-flowered form has been recognized as Solanum elaeagnifolium forma albiflorum Cockerell. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
In the flora area, Solanum tampicense is found in central and southern Florida. A single population was found in 2016 in Cameron County, Texas. It was first collected in Florida in 1983, and although not common, it has the potential to become invasive. It is listed by the United States federal government and several states as a noxious weed. It is a species of riverbanks and swamps, where it can form impenetrable, spiny thickets. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
| Parent taxa | ||
| Sibling taxa | ||
| Name authority | Cavanilles: Icon. 3: 22, plate 243. (1795) | Dunal in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle: Prodr. 13(1): 284. (1852) |
| Source | FNA vol. 14. | FNA vol. 14. |
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