Solanum elaeagnifolium |
Solanum lanceolatum |
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horse nettle, silver-leaf nightshade, white horse-nettle |
lance leaf nightshade, orangeberry nightshade |
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Habit | Herbs or shrubs, perennial, erect, rhizomatous, sparsely to densely armed, to 1 m, prickles orange to brown, straight, to 5 mm, densely silvery-pubescent, hairs sessile or subsessile, stellate, scalelike, 10–15-rayed, central ray shorter than lateral rays, lateral rays fused at center. | Shrubs or small trees, erect, sparsely armed, 1–2(–3.5) m, prickles brownish, straight or recurved, to 10 mm, moderately to densely bright white-pubescent, hairs sessile to short-stalked, stellate, 5–8-rayed, central ray shorter than lateral rays. |
Leaves | petiolate; petiole 1–5 cm; blade simple, lanceolate to oblong, 5–15 × 0.5–3 cm, margins undulate, subentire to sinuate or shallowly lobed, lobe margins entire, base truncate to cuneate. |
petiolate; petiole 1.5–4 cm; blade simple, ovate to elliptic, 5–25 × 3–15 cm, margins entire to shallowly lobed with 2–4 lobes per side, lobe margins entire to undulate, base obtuse to cordate. |
Inflorescences | extra-axillary, unbranched, 3–5(–7)-flowered, 3–5 cm. |
extra-axillary, usually much-branched, 10–20-flowered, to 10 cm. |
Pedicels | 1–3 cm in flower, reflexed and 1–3 cm in fruit. |
0.5–1 cm in flower, erect and 1–2 cm in fruit. |
Flowers | radially symmetric; calyx not accrescent, unarmed or with sparse prickles, 5–10 mm, densely silvery-stellate-pubescent, lobes linear-lanceolate; corolla pale to deep blue or violet, rarely white, pentagonal-stellate, 2–3(–3.5) cm diam., with abundant interpetalar tissue; stamens equal; anthers narrow and tapered, 6–9 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores; ovary glabrous to densely stellate-pubescent. |
radially symmetric; calyx not accrescent, unarmed, 5–8 mm, densely stellate-pubescent, lobes triangular; corolla usually blue to purple, rarely whitish, stellate to rotate-stellate, 2.5–4 cm diam., with abundant interpetalar tissue; stamens equal; anthers narrow and tapered, 6–8 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores; ovary glabrous to stellate-pubescent. |
Berries | yellow to orange, drying brown or black, globose, 0.5–1.5 cm diam., glabrous, without sclerotic granules. |
yellow to orange, globose, 0.7–1.5 cm diam., stellate-pubescent at apex, without sclerotic granules. |
Seeds | yellowish, flattened, 3–5 × 2–4 mm, minutely pitted. |
yellow to light brown, flattened, 2.5–3 × 2–2.5 mm, minutely pitted. |
2n | = 24, 48, 72. |
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Solanum elaeagnifolium |
Solanum lanceolatum |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–Nov. | Flowering Apr–Aug. |
Habitat | Dry sites, open woods, disturbed areas, roadsides, railroads, fields. | Disturbed sites. |
Elevation | 0–2100 m. [0–6900 ft.] | 0–400 m. [0–1300 ft.] |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; FL; GA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NE; NM; NV; OK; OR; SC; TN; TX; UT; WA; Mexico; West Indies; South America (Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay) [Introduced elsewhere in South America (Colombia, Peru), Eurasia (Mediterranean, Middle East, India, Pakistan), Africa, Australia]
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CA; Mexico; Central America
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Discussion | Solanum elaeagnifolium has a disjunct native distribution. It occurs in arid regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico and also in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. North American plants are diploid, whereas those in Argentina are diploid, tetraploid, or hexaploid. It is invasive and considered a noxious weed in 21 states in the flora area as well as in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is toxic to livestock and can form large, rhizomatous patches that are difficult to eradicate. A white-flowered form has been recognized as Solanum elaeagnifolium forma albiflorum Cockerell. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Solanum lanceolatum is naturalized along the California coast and inland in central and southern California, where it is listed as a noxious weed by the California Department of Agriculture. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 14. | FNA vol. 14. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Name authority | Cavanilles: Icon. 3: 22, plate 243. (1795) | Cavanilles: Icon. 3: 23, plate 245. (1795) |
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