Solanum elaeagnifolium |
Solanum jamesii |
|
|---|---|---|
|
horse nettle, silver-leaf nightshade, white horse-nettle |
wild potato |
|
| Habit | Herbs or shrubs, perennial, erect, rhizomatous, sparsely to densely armed, to 1 m, prickles orange to brown, straight, to 5 mm, densely silvery-pubescent, hairs sessile or subsessile, stellate, scalelike, 10–15-rayed, central ray shorter than lateral rays, lateral rays fused at center. | Herbs, perennial, erect, unarmed, bearing tubers to 2 cm long, to 0.5 m, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, hairs unbranched, gland-tipped. |
| Leaves | petiolate; petiole 1–5 cm; blade simple, lanceolate to oblong, 5–15 × 0.5–3 cm, margins undulate, subentire to sinuate or shallowly lobed, lobe margins entire, base truncate to cuneate. |
petiolate; petiole 1.5–3.5 cm, sometimes with pair of pinnatifid pseudostipules at base; blade compound, elliptic to ovate, 7–15 × 4–9 cm, margins divided into 1–4(–5) pairs of leaflets, leaflet margins entire, base attenuate. |
| Inflorescences | extra-axillary, unbranched, 3–5(–7)-flowered, 3–5 cm. |
terminal, extra-axillary, generally forked or 3-fid, 4–10(–20)-flowered, to 3 cm. |
| Pedicels | 1–3 cm in flower, reflexed and 1–3 cm in fruit. |
articulated near middle, 1.6–3 cm in flower and fruit. |
| Flowers | radially symmetric; calyx not accrescent, unarmed or with sparse prickles, 5–10 mm, densely silvery-stellate-pubescent, lobes linear-lanceolate; corolla pale to deep blue or violet, rarely white, pentagonal-stellate, 2–3(–3.5) cm diam., with abundant interpetalar tissue; stamens equal; anthers narrow and tapered, 6–9 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores; ovary glabrous to densely stellate-pubescent. |
radially symmetric; calyx not accrescent, unarmed, 4–6 mm, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, lobes deltate-acuminate; corolla white, stellate, 2.8–3.5 cm diam., without interpetalar tissue; stamens equal; anthers oblong, slightly tapered, 5–6 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores that open into longitudinal slits; ovary glabrous. |
| Berries | yellow to orange, drying brown or black, globose, 0.5–1.5 cm diam., glabrous, without sclerotic granules. |
green, globose, ca. 1 cm diam., glabrous, without sclerotic granules. |
| Seeds | yellowish, flattened, 3–5 × 2–4 mm, minutely pitted. |
dark reddish brown, rounded, 1–2 mm diam., rugose. |
| 2n | = 24, 48, 72. |
= 24. |
Solanum elaeagnifolium |
Solanum jamesii |
|
| Phenology | Flowering Mar–Nov. | Flowering Jun–Oct. |
| Habitat | Dry sites, open woods, disturbed areas, roadsides, railroads, fields. | Hillsides, stream bottoms, sandy soils, disturbed grasslands, pinyon-juniper forests, oak thickets, coniferous and deciduous forests. |
| Elevation | 0–2100 m. [0–6900 ft.] | 1300–2900 m. [4300–9500 ft.] |
| Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; FL; GA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NE; NM; NV; OK; OR; SC; TN; TX; UT; WA; Mexico; West Indies; South America (Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay) [Introduced elsewhere in South America (Colombia, Peru), Eurasia (Mediterranean, Middle East, India, Pakistan), Africa, Australia]
|
AZ; CO; NM; TX; UT; Mexico (Chihuahua, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sonora)
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| Discussion | Solanum elaeagnifolium has a disjunct native distribution. It occurs in arid regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico and also in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. North American plants are diploid, whereas those in Argentina are diploid, tetraploid, or hexaploid. It is invasive and considered a noxious weed in 21 states in the flora area as well as in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is toxic to livestock and can form large, rhizomatous patches that are difficult to eradicate. A white-flowered form has been recognized as Solanum elaeagnifolium forma albiflorum Cockerell. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
The tubers of Solanum jamesii have been gathered as food by Native Americans, and starch grains identified as S. jamesii from stone tools in Utah form the earliest evidence for the use of potatoes in North America (L. A. Louderback and B. M. Pavlik 2017). All other parts of the plant are toxic. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
| Parent taxa | ||
| Sibling taxa | ||
| Name authority | Cavanilles: Icon. 3: 22, plate 243. (1795) | Torrey: Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2: 227. (1827) |
| Source | FNA vol. 14. | FNA vol. 14. |
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