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horse nettle, silver-leaf nightshade, white horse-nettle

cockroach berry

Habit Herbs or shrubs, perennial, erect, rhizomatous, sparsely to densely armed, to 1 m, prickles orange to brown, straight, to 5 mm, densely silvery-pubescent, hairs sessile or subsessile, stellate, scalelike, 10–15-rayed, central ray shorter than lateral rays, lateral rays fused at center. Shrubs, erect, sparsely to densely armed, 0.3–1(–2) m, prickles yellowish, straight or slightly reflexed, to 15 mm, glabrate to moderately pubescent, hairs spreading, unbranched, eglandular.
Leaves

petiolate;

petiole 1–5 cm;

blade simple, lanceolate to oblong, 5–15 × 0.5–3 cm, margins undulate, subentire to sinuate or shallowly lobed, lobe margins entire, base truncate to cuneate.

petiolate;

petiole 2–10(–13) cm;

blade simple, broadly ovate, 4–15 × 4–15 cm, margins shallowly to deeply lobed with 2–3 lobes per side, lobe margins entire to coarsely lobed, base cordate.

Inflorescences

extra-axillary, unbranched, 3–5(–7)-flowered, 3–5 cm.

extra-axillary, ± sessile, unbranched, 1–7-flowered.

Pedicels

1–3 cm in flower, reflexed and 1–3 cm in fruit.

ca. 1 cm in flower, 1.5–2 cm in fruit.

Flowers

radially symmetric;

calyx not accrescent, unarmed or with sparse prickles, 5–10 mm, densely silvery-stellate-pubescent, lobes linear-lanceolate;

corolla pale to deep blue or violet, rarely white, pentagonal-stellate, 2–3(–3.5) cm diam., with abundant interpetalar tissue;

stamens equal;

anthers narrow and tapered, 6–9 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores;

ovary glabrous to densely stellate-pubescent.

radially symmetric;

calyx somewhat accrescent, sometimes prickly, 4–6 mm, pubescent with minute glands and longer, simple, eglandular hairs, lobes triangular;

corolla white, stellate, 1.5–2 cm diam., without interpetalar tissue;

stamens equal;

anthers narrow and tapered, 5–6.5 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores;

ovary glabrous.

Berries

yellow to orange, drying brown or black, globose, 0.5–1.5 cm diam., glabrous, without sclerotic granules.

dull orange to red, globose, 2–4 cm diam., glabrous, without sclerotic granules.

Seeds

yellowish, flattened, 3–5 × 2–4 mm, minutely pitted.

yellow, flattened, winged at maturity, 4–6 × 4–6 mm, minutely pitted.

2n

= 24, 48, 72.

= 24.

Solanum elaeagnifolium

Solanum capsicoides

Phenology Flowering Mar–Nov. Flowering Apr–Oct (year-round in Fla.).
Habitat Dry sites, open woods, dis­turbed areas, roadsides, railroads, fields. Disturbed areas, sandy soils.
Elevation 0–2100 m. (0–6900 ft.) 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; FL; GA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NE; NM; NV; OK; OR; SC; TN; TX; UT; WA; Mexico; West Indies; South America (Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay) [Introduced elsewhere in South America (Colombia, Peru), Eurasia (Mediterranean, Middle East, India, Pakistan), Africa, Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
FL; LA; MS; NC; SC; TX; South America (Brazil) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in West Indies, Central America, elsewhere in South America, Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Solanum elaeagnifolium has a disjunct native distribution. It occurs in arid regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico and also in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. North American plants are diploid, whereas those in Argentina are diploid, tetraploid, or hexaploid. It is invasive and considered a noxious weed in 21 states in the flora area as well as in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is toxic to livestock and can form large, rhizomatous patches that are difficult to eradicate.

A white-flowered form has been recognized as Solanum elaeagnifolium forma albiflorum Cockerell.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Solanum capsicoides is presumed native to coastal Brazil and is grown as an ornamental for its showy red fruits. It has spread from cultivation and become naturalized in tropical and subtropical climates. In the flora region, it is found particularly in Florida. The name S. aculeatissimum Jacquin has been misapplied to S. capsicoides (for example, J. K. Small 1913; A. E. Radford et al. 1968; D. S. Correll and M. C. Johnston 1970; R. W. Long and O. Lakela 1971).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 14. FNA vol. 14.
Parent taxa Solanaceae > Solanum Solanaceae > Solanum
Sibling taxa
S. americanum, S. aviculare, S. bahamense, S. campechiense, S. capsicoides, S. carolinense, S. chenopodioides, S. citrullifolium, S. cordicitum, S. davisense, S. deflexum, S. dimidiatum, S. diphyllum, S. donianum, S. douglasii, S. dulcamara, S. emulans, S. erianthum, S. furcatum, S. hindsianum, S. interius, S. jamaicense, S. jamesii, S. laciniatum, S. lanceolatum, S. lumholtzianum, S. lycopersicum, S. marginatum, S. mauritianum, S. nigrescens, S. nigrum, S. nitidibaccatum, S. novomexicanum, S. perplexum, S. pseudocapsicum, S. pseudogracile, S. pumilum, S. rostratum, S. sarrachoides, S. seaforthianum, S. setigeroides, S. sisymbriifolium, S. stoloniferum, S. tampicense, S. tenuipes, S. torvum, S. triflorum, S. triquetrum, S. umbelliferum, S. viarum, S. wallacei
S. americanum, S. aviculare, S. bahamense, S. campechiense, S. carolinense, S. chenopodioides, S. citrullifolium, S. cordicitum, S. davisense, S. deflexum, S. dimidiatum, S. diphyllum, S. donianum, S. douglasii, S. dulcamara, S. elaeagnifolium, S. emulans, S. erianthum, S. furcatum, S. hindsianum, S. interius, S. jamaicense, S. jamesii, S. laciniatum, S. lanceolatum, S. lumholtzianum, S. lycopersicum, S. marginatum, S. mauritianum, S. nigrescens, S. nigrum, S. nitidibaccatum, S. novomexicanum, S. perplexum, S. pseudocapsicum, S. pseudogracile, S. pumilum, S. rostratum, S. sarrachoides, S. seaforthianum, S. setigeroides, S. sisymbriifolium, S. stoloniferum, S. tampicense, S. tenuipes, S. torvum, S. triflorum, S. triquetrum, S. umbelliferum, S. viarum, S. wallacei
Synonyms S. ciliatum
Name authority Cavanilles: Icon. 3: 22, plate 243. (1795) Allioni: Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taurin., 12. (1773)
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