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bitter nightshade, bittersweet, bittersweet nightshade, blue bindweed, climbing nightshade, European bittersweet, felonwort

Jerusalem cherry, Jerusalem- or winter-cherry, Jerusalem-cherry nightshade

Habit Shrubs, erect, unarmed, to 1 m, glabrous to densely pubescent, hairs dendritically branched.
Leaves

petiolate;

petiole 0.5–5 cm;

blade simple, elliptic or ovate to cordate, 2.5–12 × 1.2–9 cm, margins entire to deeply pinnatifid and usually 3-lobed near base, lobe margins entire, base truncate to cordate.

petiolate;

petiole 0.2–1 cm;

blade simple, elliptic, 1–9 × 0.5–4.5 cm, margins entire, base acute to attenuate.

Inflorescences

terminal or lateral, extra-axillary, much-branched, 7–40-flowered, (1–)4–15 cm.

leaf-opposed, unbranched, 1–8-flowered, 0.2–1 cm.

Pedicels

inserted into a small sleeve on the inflorescence axis, 0.6–1.2 cm in flower and fruit.

0.3–0.7 cm in flower, 0.8–1 cm and erect in fruit.

Flowers

radially symmetric;

calyx not accrescent, unarmed, 1–2 mm, glabrous to densely pubescent, lobes triangular, shallow;

corolla purple (rarely white), with green and white shiny spots at base of each lobe, deeply stellate, 1.5–2 cm diam., without interpetalar tissue;

stamens equal;

anthers oblong, slightly tapered, 4.5–6 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores that often open into longitudinal slits;

ovary glabrous.

radially symmetric;

calyx somewhat accrescent, unarmed, 2.5–6 mm, glabrous to densely pubescent with dendritic hairs, lobes long-triangular;

corolla white, stellate, 1–1.5(–2.5) cm diam., without interpetalar tissue;

stamens equal;

anthers oblong, 3–4 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores that open into longitudinal slits;

ovary glabrous.

Berries

bright shiny red, globose to ellipsoidal, 0.5–1.5 × 0.5–1 cm, glabrous, without sclerotic granules.

yellow to orange or red, globose, 1–2 cm diam., glabrous, without sclerotic granules.

Seeds

pale yellow or tan, flattened, 2–3 mm diam., minutely pitted.

yellowish, flattened with thickened margins, 3–4 × 2.5–3 mm, minutely pitted.

Vines

, climbing or scrambling, herbaceous or woody, unarmed, to 8–10 m, sparsely to densely pubescent, hairs unbranched and/or dendritic, rarely glabrous.

2n

= 24.

= 24.

Solanum dulcamara

Solanum pseudocapsicum

Phenology Flowering May–Nov. Flowering May–Sep.
Habitat Weedy, in a wide variety of habitats, often associated with water. Disturbed sites.
Elevation 0–2000 m. (0–6600 ft.) 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SD; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Eurasia
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
FL; TX; Mexico; Central America; South America; often escaped in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Solanum dulcamara is widely distributed across Eurasia and boreal North America. The North American populations are thought to be introductions, but it is possible that the species has a truly circumboreal distribution. A white-flowered form has been recognized by some authors as S. dulcamara forma albiflorum House and an especially pubescent form as S. dulcamara var. villosissimum, but variation in a number of morphological features is continuous across the range of the species and these and other variants are not recognized in the latest monograph of the group (S. Knapp 2013).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Solanum pseudocapsicum is native from Mexico to Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay. It is grown as an ornamental for its showy fruits, especially around Christmas. It occasionally escapes from cultivation in southern Florida and Texas. In Texas, it has become established and fairly common in Austin, in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, and in Goliad and Caldwell counties. Cultivated forms are usually glabrous, but some can have branched pubescence. The fruits are mildly poisonous when ingested by humans but can be highly toxic to dogs and some birds.

Solanum pseudocapsicum, along with S. diphyllum, has a distinctive leaf arrangement in which a longer, narrower leaf is paired with a shorter, often more rounded one.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 14. FNA vol. 14.
Parent taxa Solanaceae > Solanum Solanaceae > Solanum
Sibling taxa
S. americanum, S. aviculare, S. bahamense, S. campechiense, S. capsicoides, S. carolinense, S. chenopodioides, S. citrullifolium, S. cordicitum, S. davisense, S. deflexum, S. dimidiatum, S. diphyllum, S. donianum, S. douglasii, S. elaeagnifolium, S. emulans, S. erianthum, S. furcatum, S. hindsianum, S. interius, S. jamaicense, S. jamesii, S. laciniatum, S. lanceolatum, S. lumholtzianum, S. lycopersicum, S. marginatum, S. mauritianum, S. nigrescens, S. nigrum, S. nitidibaccatum, S. novomexicanum, S. perplexum, S. pseudocapsicum, S. pseudogracile, S. pumilum, S. rostratum, S. sarrachoides, S. seaforthianum, S. setigeroides, S. sisymbriifolium, S. stoloniferum, S. tampicense, S. tenuipes, S. torvum, S. triflorum, S. triquetrum, S. umbelliferum, S. viarum, S. wallacei
S. americanum, S. aviculare, S. bahamense, S. campechiense, S. capsicoides, S. carolinense, S. chenopodioides, S. citrullifolium, S. cordicitum, S. davisense, S. deflexum, S. dimidiatum, S. diphyllum, S. donianum, S. douglasii, S. dulcamara, S. elaeagnifolium, S. emulans, S. erianthum, S. furcatum, S. hindsianum, S. interius, S. jamaicense, S. jamesii, S. laciniatum, S. lanceolatum, S. lumholtzianum, S. lycopersicum, S. marginatum, S. mauritianum, S. nigrescens, S. nigrum, S. nitidibaccatum, S. novomexicanum, S. perplexum, S. pseudogracile, S. pumilum, S. rostratum, S. sarrachoides, S. seaforthianum, S. setigeroides, S. sisymbriifolium, S. stoloniferum, S. tampicense, S. tenuipes, S. torvum, S. triflorum, S. triquetrum, S. umbelliferum, S. viarum, S. wallacei
Synonyms S. dulcamara var. villosissimum S. capsicastrum
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 185. (1753) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 184. (1753)
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