Solanum dulcamara |
Solanum lumholtzianum |
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bitter nightshade, bittersweet, bittersweet nightshade, blue bindweed, climbing nightshade, European bittersweet, felonwort |
Sonoran nightshade |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, erect, moderately to densely armed, 0.2–0.7 m, prickles whitish or yellowish, straight, bristlelike, 4–8 mm, 20+ per cm of stem, sparsely pubescent, hairs sessile to short-stalked, unbranched, glandular, sometimes with a few unbranched, eglandular hairs, abaxial leaf surfaces with sparse, sessile, 4–6-rayed, stellate hairs, central ray equal to lateral rays. | |
Leaves | petiolate; petiole 0.5–5 cm; blade simple, elliptic or ovate to cordate, 2.5–12 × 1.2–9 cm, margins entire to deeply pinnatifid and usually 3-lobed near base, lobe margins entire, base truncate to cordate. |
petiolate; petiole 2.5–6.5 cm; blade simple to compound, broadly ovate, 5–13 × 2.5–9 cm, margins 2–3-times lobed or divided with 4–5 main leaflets per side, leaflets with deep, acute lobes, base truncate. |
Inflorescences | terminal or lateral, extra-axillary, much-branched, 7–40-flowered, (1–)4–15 cm. |
extra-axillary, unbranched, 6–10-flowered, 3–8 cm. |
Pedicels | inserted into a small sleeve on the inflorescence axis, 0.6–1.2 cm in flower and fruit. |
0.5–1.5 cm in flower, erect and 0.5–1.5 cm in fruit. |
Flowers | radially symmetric; calyx not accrescent, unarmed, 1–2 mm, glabrous to densely pubescent, lobes triangular, shallow; corolla purple (rarely white), with green and white shiny spots at base of each lobe, deeply stellate, 1.5–2 cm diam., without interpetalar tissue; stamens equal; anthers oblong, slightly tapered, 4.5–6 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores that often open into longitudinal slits; ovary glabrous. |
bilaterally symmetric; calyx accrescent and tightly covering fruit, densely prickly, 3.5–4.5 mm, sparsely to moderately glandular-pubescent, lobes linear-lanceolate; corolla yellow, stellate, 1.3–1.8 cm diam., with ovate or narrowly deltate lobes, with sparse interpetalar tissue; stamens unequal, lowermost longer and curved, adjacent pair somewhat shorter, uppermost pair shortest; anthers narrow and tapered, dehiscent by terminal pores, shortest anthers 4.5–6 mm, medium-sized anthers 5.6–7.5 mm, longest anther 6.5–8.6 mm; ovary glabrous. |
Berries | bright shiny red, globose to ellipsoidal, 0.5–1.5 × 0.5–1 cm, glabrous, without sclerotic granules. |
brown, globose, 1–1.4 cm diam., glabrous, dry, without sclerotic granules. |
Seeds | pale yellow or tan, flattened, 2–3 mm diam., minutely pitted. |
dark brown, plump, 3–3.5 × 2.5–3 mm, radially ridged with hilum sunken in a deep notch. |
Vines | , climbing or scrambling, herbaceous or woody, unarmed, to 8–10 m, sparsely to densely pubescent, hairs unbranched and/or dendritic, rarely glabrous. |
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2n | = 24. |
= 24. |
Solanum dulcamara |
Solanum lumholtzianum |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Nov. | Flowering Aug–Oct. |
Habitat | Weedy, in a wide variety of habitats, often associated with water. | Sandy or gravelly soils, washes, low ground near wet depressions, along stream banks, roadsides. |
Elevation | 0–2000 m. (0–6600 ft.) | 900–1400 m. (3000–4600 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SD; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Eurasia
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AZ; Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora) |
Discussion | Solanum dulcamara is widely distributed across Eurasia and boreal North America. The North American populations are thought to be introductions, but it is possible that the species has a truly circumboreal distribution. A white-flowered form has been recognized by some authors as S. dulcamara forma albiflorum House and an especially pubescent form as S. dulcamara var. villosissimum, but variation in a number of morphological features is continuous across the range of the species and these and other variants are not recognized in the latest monograph of the group (S. Knapp 2013). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
In the flora area, Solanum lumholtzianum is found only in Pima and Santa Cruz counties. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 14. | FNA vol. 14. |
Parent taxa | Solanaceae > Solanum | Solanaceae > Solanum |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | S. dulcamara var. villosissimum | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 185. (1753) | Bartlett: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 44: 629. (1909) |
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