Solanum dulcamara |
Solanum interius |
|
---|---|---|
bitter nightshade, bittersweet, bittersweet nightshade, blue bindweed, climbing nightshade, European bittersweet, felonwort |
deadly nightshade, plains black nightshade, plains black or deadly nightshade |
|
Habit | Herbs or shrubs, annual to short-lived perennial, erect, unarmed, to 1 m, sparsely to densely pubescent, hairs unbranched, usually to 1 mm, eglandular. | |
Leaves | petiolate; petiole 0.5–5 cm; blade simple, elliptic or ovate to cordate, 2.5–12 × 1.2–9 cm, margins entire to deeply pinnatifid and usually 3-lobed near base, lobe margins entire, base truncate to cordate. |
petiolate; petiole 0.5–3.5 cm; blade simple, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4.5–11 × 2.5–7 cm, margins entire to sinuate-dentate, base cuneate to rounded or slightly decurrent. |
Inflorescences | terminal or lateral, extra-axillary, much-branched, 7–40-flowered, (1–)4–15 cm. |
extra-axillary, unbranched, (2–)3–8-flowered, 2.5–3.5 cm. |
Pedicels | inserted into a small sleeve on the inflorescence axis, 0.6–1.2 cm in flower and fruit. |
spreading in flower, recurved to reflexed in fruit, 0.5–1 cm in flower and fruit. |
Flowers | radially symmetric; calyx not accrescent, unarmed, 1–2 mm, glabrous to densely pubescent, lobes triangular, shallow; corolla purple (rarely white), with green and white shiny spots at base of each lobe, deeply stellate, 1.5–2 cm diam., without interpetalar tissue; stamens equal; anthers oblong, slightly tapered, 4.5–6 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores that often open into longitudinal slits; ovary glabrous. |
radially symmetric; calyx not accrescent, unarmed, 2–5 mm, sparsely pubescent, lobes lanceolate, sometimes reflexed in fruit; corolla white, sometimes tinged with purple, with yellowish central star, stellate, 0.5–1 cm diam., without interpetalar tissue; stamens equal; anthers ellipsoidal, 1.8–2.5 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores that open into longitudinal slits; ovary glabrous. |
Berries | bright shiny red, globose to ellipsoidal, 0.5–1.5 × 0.5–1 cm, glabrous, without sclerotic granules. |
shiny purplish black, globose, 1–1.5 cm diam., glabrous, with 2–4 sclerotic granules. |
Seeds | pale yellow or tan, flattened, 2–3 mm diam., minutely pitted. |
yellowish to brown, flattened, 1.8–2 × 1.5–1.6 mm, finely reticulate. |
Vines | , climbing or scrambling, herbaceous or woody, unarmed, to 8–10 m, sparsely to densely pubescent, hairs unbranched and/or dendritic, rarely glabrous. |
|
2n | = 24. |
= 24. |
Solanum dulcamara |
Solanum interius |
|
Phenology | Flowering May–Nov. | Flowering Jun–Oct. |
Habitat | Weedy, in a wide variety of habitats, often associated with water. | Pastures, open woodlands, stream valleys, thickets, disturbed areas, sandy soils. |
Elevation | 0–2000 m. (0–6600 ft.) | (100–)500–2500 m. ((300–)1600–8200 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SD; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Eurasia
|
CO; IA; ID; KS; MT; ND; NE; NM; NV; OK; SD; TX; UT; WY
|
Discussion | Solanum dulcamara is widely distributed across Eurasia and boreal North America. The North American populations are thought to be introductions, but it is possible that the species has a truly circumboreal distribution. A white-flowered form has been recognized by some authors as S. dulcamara forma albiflorum House and an especially pubescent form as S. dulcamara var. villosissimum, but variation in a number of morphological features is continuous across the range of the species and these and other variants are not recognized in the latest monograph of the group (S. Knapp 2013). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Solanum interius is endemic to North America and is most common in the Great Plains and eastern Rocky Mountains. Distinctive characters are the basal flower with its pedicel articulated above the base and the very large seeds. In Texas, S. interius can be very difficult to distinguish from S. nigrescens, but S. interius usually has longer calyx lobes. Records of S. interius from Saskatchewan are actually S. emulans. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 14. | FNA vol. 14. |
Parent taxa | Solanaceae > Solanum | Solanaceae > Solanum |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | S. dulcamara var. villosissimum | S. nigrum |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 185. (1753) | Rydberg: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 641. (1905) |
Web links |
|