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mullein nightshade

buffalo berry, buffalo-bur, buffalobur nightshade, horned nightshade, spiny nightshade

Habit Shrubs, erect, sparsely armed when young, older growth unarmed, 0.5–2.5 m, prickles brownish, 1–3 mm, straight, moderately to densely pubescent, hairs sessile to short-stalked, stellate, 6–9-rayed, central ray absent or shorter than lateral rays. Herbs, annual, erect, moderately to densely armed, to 1 m, prickles yellow, straight, to 12 mm, moderately to densely pubescent, hairs sessile to long-stalked, stellate, 6–10-rayed, central ray equal to or longer than lateral rays.
Leaves

petiolate;

petiole 1–3 cm;

blade simple, ovate to elliptic, 4.5–13 × 2–5.5 cm, margins entire, base rounded to acute.

petiolate;

petiole 2–10 cm;

blade simple to twice-compound, ovate to elliptic, (2–)4–16 × 3–12 cm, margins lobed to 1–2 times divided with 2–4 main leaflets per side, leaflets with deep, rounded lobes, base truncate to subcordate.

Inflorescences

terminal to extra-axillary, much-branched, with numerous flowers, 2–8 cm.

extra-axillary, unbranched, 5–12-flowered, 4–11 cm.

Pedicels

erect and 0.7–1 cm in flower and fruit.

0.5–1.5 cm in flower, erect and 0.5–1.5 cm in fruit.

Flowers

radially symmetric;

calyx not accrescent, unarmed, 2–4 mm, moderately stellate-pubescent, lobes triangular;

corolla white, stellate, 1.5–2 cm diam., without interpetalar tissue;

stamens equal;

anthers narrow and tapered, 3–4.5 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores;

ovary glabrous or sparsely glandular-pubescent.

bilaterally symmetric;

calyx accrescent and tightly covering fruit, densely prickly or bristly, 7.5–12.5 mm, densely stellate-pubescent, lobes linear to lanceolate;

corolla yellow, rotate-pentagonal, 1.5–3.5 cm diam., with abundant interpetalar tissue;

stamens unequal, lowermost much longer and curved;

anthers narrow and tapered, dehiscent by terminal pores, short anthers 4, yellow, 6–8 mm, longer anther reddish or purplish, 10–14 mm;

ovary glabrous.

Berries

red, globose, 0.5–1 cm diam., glabrous or sparsely glandular-pubescent, without sclerotic granules.

brown, globose, 1–1.2 cm diam., glabrous, dry, without sclerotic granules.

Seeds

yellow, flattened, 2.5–3.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm, minutely pitted.

dark brown, flattened, 2–3 × 1.8–2 mm, minutely pitted and irregularly ridged.

2n

= 24.

= 24.

Solanum donianum

Solanum rostratum

Phenology Flowering year-round. Flowering year-round.
Habitat Seasides, hammocks, pine forests, limestone soils. Disturbed sites, versatile in soil tolerance, roadsides, pasturelands.
Elevation 0 m. (0 ft.) 0–2500 m. (0–8200 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
FL; s Mexico; West Indies (Bahamas); Central America (Belize, Guatemala)
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[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; BC; NB; NS; ON; QC; Mexico
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[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Solanum donianum is occasional in southern Florida. The oldest name for this species is S. verbascifolium Linnaeus, but it has been widely misapplied to S. erianthum and is now rejected.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Solanum rostratum is widespread in the central Mexican highlands from Chihuahua and Coahuila to Puebla and Oaxaca, and its native range likely extends from Mexico City north to the United States Great Plains. It is widely introduced outside this presumed area of origin.

Solanum rostratum is considered a noxious weed in several states. It is often invasive in gardens, pastures, and disturbed areas. The plants are extremely spiny, and there are reports of pigs being poisoned by eating the berries and roots. This species is thought to be the original host of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) before potatoes were widely cultivated in the western and central United States. The beetle then adopted potatoes as its primary host and rapidly spread eastward.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 14. FNA vol. 14.
Parent taxa Solanaceae > Solanum Solanaceae > Solanum
Sibling taxa
S. americanum, S. aviculare, S. bahamense, S. campechiense, S. capsicoides, S. carolinense, S. chenopodioides, S. citrullifolium, S. cordicitum, S. davisense, S. deflexum, S. dimidiatum, S. diphyllum, S. douglasii, S. dulcamara, S. elaeagnifolium, S. emulans, S. erianthum, S. furcatum, S. hindsianum, S. interius, S. jamaicense, S. jamesii, S. laciniatum, S. lanceolatum, S. lumholtzianum, S. lycopersicum, S. marginatum, S. mauritianum, S. nigrescens, S. nigrum, S. nitidibaccatum, S. novomexicanum, S. perplexum, S. pseudocapsicum, S. pseudogracile, S. pumilum, S. rostratum, S. sarrachoides, S. seaforthianum, S. setigeroides, S. sisymbriifolium, S. stoloniferum, S. tampicense, S. tenuipes, S. torvum, S. triflorum, S. triquetrum, S. umbelliferum, S. viarum, S. wallacei
S. americanum, S. aviculare, S. bahamense, S. campechiense, S. capsicoides, S. carolinense, S. chenopodioides, S. citrullifolium, S. cordicitum, S. davisense, S. deflexum, S. dimidiatum, S. diphyllum, S. donianum, S. douglasii, S. dulcamara, S. elaeagnifolium, S. emulans, S. erianthum, S. furcatum, S. hindsianum, S. interius, S. jamaicense, S. jamesii, S. laciniatum, S. lanceolatum, S. lumholtzianum, S. lycopersicum, S. marginatum, S. mauritianum, S. nigrescens, S. nigrum, S. nitidibaccatum, S. novomexicanum, S. perplexum, S. pseudocapsicum, S. pseudogracile, S. pumilum, S. sarrachoides, S. seaforthianum, S. setigeroides, S. sisymbriifolium, S. stoloniferum, S. tampicense, S. tenuipes, S. torvum, S. triflorum, S. triquetrum, S. umbelliferum, S. viarum, S. wallacei
Synonyms S. blodgettii Androcera rostrata, S. heterandrum
Name authority Walpers: Repert. Bot. Syst. 3: 54. (1844) Dunal: Hist. Nat. Solanum, 234, plate 24. (1813)
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