Solanum americanum |
Solanum diphyllum |
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American black nightshade, American black or common or West Indian nightshade, glossy nightshade, little white nightshade, small-flower nightshade, white nightshade |
twinleaf nightshade, twoleaf nightshade |
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Habit | Herbs to subshrubs, annual to perennial, erect, unarmed, to 1.5 m, glabrate to moderately pubescent, hairs whitish, unbranched, to 1 mm, eglandular. | Shrubs, erect, unarmed, 1–2 m, glabrous or occasionally minutely puberulent, hairs white, unbranched, eglandular. |
Leaves | petiolate; petiole 1–4 cm; blade simple, ovate to ovate-elliptic, 2–10.5 × 1–4.5 cm, margins entire or shallowly sinuate-dentate, base decurrent. |
petiolate; petiole 0.2–0.5 cm; blade simple, elliptic, 0.9–6.8 × 0.6–2.2 cm, margins entire, base acute to attenuate or decurrent. |
Inflorescences | extra-axillary or leaf-opposed, unbranched, usually umbel-like, 3–10-flowered, 0.5–3 cm. |
leaf-opposed, unbranched, 5–20-flowered, 0.3–1.2 cm. |
Pedicels | erect or spreading, 0.3–1 cm in flower, to 1.5 cm in fruit. |
ca. 0.5 cm in flower, ca. 1.2 cm and erect in fruit. |
Flowers | radially symmetric; calyx somewhat accrescent, unarmed, 1–3 mm, lobes deltate, strongly reflexed in fruit; corolla white, sometimes with yellowish central star, stellate, 0.4–0.8 cm diam., without interpetalar tissue; stamens equal; anthers ellipsoidal, 0.7–1.5 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores that open into longitudinal slits; ovary glabrous. |
radially symmetric; calyx somewhat accrescent, unarmed, 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, lobes deltoid; corolla white, often tinged with lavender, stellate, 0.7–1 cm diam., without interpetalar tissue; stamens equal; anthers oblong, 1.5–2 mm, dehiscent by terminal pores that open into longitudinal slits; ovary glabrous. |
Berries | shiny purplish black, globose, 0.5–1 cm diam., glabrous, with (0–)2–4(–6) sclerotic granules, usually 2–4 larger and 2 smaller. |
yellow to orange, globose, 0.7–1.2 cm diam., glabrous, without sclerotic granules. |
Seeds | pale yellow to brown, 1–1.5 × 0.5–1.5 mm, minutely pitted. |
pale yellow or tan, flattened, ca. 3 × 2.5 mm, minutely pitted. |
2n | = 24. |
= 24. |
Solanum americanum |
Solanum diphyllum |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Nov (year-round in Fla.). | Flowering year-round. |
Habitat | Weedy habitats, secondary forest, disturbed areas. | Dry lowland areas, hammocks, disturbed sites. |
Elevation | 0–1000(–2000) m. (0–3300(–6600) ft.) | 0–300 m. (0–1000 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AZ; CA; FL; GA; LA; MO; MS; OR; SC; TX; UT; WA; BC; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies [Introduced in Europe, Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia]
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FL; Mexico; West Indies; Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua); South America (Brazil) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Europe (s France, Italy), Asia, Pacific Islands (Java, Philippines)]
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Discussion | Solanum americanum is a morphologically variable and globally distributed weedy species. It has often been confused with other species in the black nightshade group such as S. emulans, S. nigrescens, S. nigrum, and S. pseudogracile and has often been referred to as S. nodiflorum in floristic treatments. It is distinguished by its very short anthers and shiny black mature fruits with strongly reflexed calyx lobes and usually two to four (rarely none or as many as six) sclerotic granules per fruit. Leaf shape and pubescence can vary considerably throughout its range, and there are some suspected cases of introgression with other species such as S. nigrescens or S. pseudogracile. The name S. nigrum has been misapplied to S. americanum (for example, A. E. Radford et al. 1968). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Solanum diphyllum is often cultivated for its brightly colored fruits and can escape from cultivation in tropical and subtropical areas. It occurs sporadically and does not appear to be common, but in other areas where it has escaped it has become naturalized (Asia; S. Knapp 2002b). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 14. | FNA vol. 14. |
Parent taxa | Solanaceae > Solanum | Solanaceae > Solanum |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | S. nigrum var. americanum, S. nigrum var. nodiflorum, S. nodiflorum, S. ptychanthum | |
Name authority | Miller: Gard. Dict. ed. 8 Solanum no. 5. (1768) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 184. (1753) |
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