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candytuft, false candytuft, smelowskia

false candytuft

Habit Plants cespitose, caudex well-developed, thick, often-branched, covered with persistent petiolar remains; not scapose; usually pubescent. Plants sometimes canescent basally; caudex usually simple, rarely branched.
Stems

erect to decumbent, unbranched or branched distally, densely pubescent.

several from base, often unbranched or branched proximally, 0.6–3(–3.5) dm, trichomes simple, to 1 mm, mixed with smaller, dendritic ones.

Leaves

basal and cauline;

petiolate or sessile;

basal rosulate, petiolate, blade margins usually 1- or 2-pinnatisect, rarely entire.

Basal leaves

petiole 0.5–3.2 cm, ciliate or not;

blade obovate to ovate in outline, (terminal segments linear, oblong, or ovate), 0.7–2.5 cm × 4–14 mm, (terminal segments 0.2–1.1 cm × 1–5 mm), margins palmately (3 or) 5 (or 7)-lobed, (surfaces densely pubescent, trichomes dendritic, often mixed with larger, simple ones, to 1 mm), apex obtuse or subacute.

Cauline leaves

shortly petiolate or sessile;

blade often similar to basal, smaller distally, margins sometimes pinnatifid.

Racemes

(corymbose, several-flowered), often considerably elongated in fruit.

considerably elongated in fruit.

Flowers

sepals (sometimes persistent), oblong [ovate];

petals spatulate to obovate or suborbicular, (longer than sepals), claw differentiated from blade, (apex rounded);

stamens slightly tetradynamous;

filaments often dilated basally;

anthers ovate or oblong, (apex obtuse);

nectar glands usually confluent, subtending bases of stamens, median glands present or not.

sepals (usually persistent), 2.5–3.2 mm;

petals purple to lavender, suborbicular to obovate, 4–5 × 1.5–2 mm, narrowed to claw, 1.5–2.5 mm, apex rounded;

anthers oblong, 0.4–0.5 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

ascending, spreading, suberect, or divaricate [recurved], slender.

spreading to divaricate-ascending, (secund, often curved), proximalmost bracteate, 6–15(–20) mm, pubescent, trichomes simple mixed with smaller, dendritic ones.

Fruits

siliques or silicles, usually sessile, rarely shortly stipitate, linear, oblong, obovoid, ellipsoid, spatulate, oblanceolate, suboblong, or pyriform [fusiform, ovoid, suborbicular], smooth, 4-angled, angustiseptate, terete, or subterete [latiseptate];

valves each with prominent or obscure midvein, usually glabrous;

replum rounded;

septum complete or perforated;

ovules 4–18 per ovary;

stigma capitate.

spreading to ascending, usually oblanceolate to spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, rarely oblong-obovate, angustiseptate, (8–)12–28 × 4–8 mm, base cuneate, apex obtuse;

valves each with prominent midvein and distinct lateral veins, (rarely sparsely pubescent);

ovules 10–18 per ovary;

style 0.1–1.1 mm.

Seeds

plump, not winged, usually oblong, rarely oblong-lanceolate;

seed coat (minutely reticulate), not mucilaginous when wetted;

cotyledons incumbent or accumbent.

1.5–2.2 × 1–1.3 mm.

2n

= 12.

Smelowskia

Smelowskia borealis

Phenology Flowering Jun–Aug.
Habitat Loose talus, metamorphic slide rock, rocky slopes, scree, shale splinters, limestone rubble, alpine ridges, barren rocks, unstable talus in alpine glacial bowl
Elevation 600-1700 m (2000-5600 ft)
Distribution
from USDA
North America; e Asia; c Asia
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; NT; YT
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 25 (7 in the flora).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

W. H. Drury Jr. and R. C. Rollins (1952) and Rollins (1993) divided Smelowskia borealis into four varieties based on the duration of sepals (persistent versus caducous), style length (less than versus greater than 0.5 mm), and density of indumentum. The various states of these three characters are present in all possible combinations, and they are not inherited in the combinations presented by these authors. Some forms of the species are densely villous and resemble S. johnsonii in their leaf indumentum and perhaps merit recognition as an infraspecific taxon (var. villosa). As delimited here, S. borealis is quite variable; more studies are needed to determine whether or not any of the four varieties merit recognition at some rank. Although numerous collections of the species were examined, none of the types was available for preparing this account. The species is easily distinguished from the remaining North American Smelowskia by having secund infructescences and distinctly angustiseptate fruits.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Basal leaves: blade margins entire, apically 3 or 5-toothed or -lobed, or palmately lobed
→ 2
1. Basal leaves: blade margins 1- or 2-pinnatisect or pinnatifid
→ 4
2. Basal leaves: blade margins deeply palmately (3 or) 5 (or 7)-lobed; fruiting pedicels secund; sepals usually persistent; fruits angustiseptate, (8-)12-28 × 4-8 mm; ovules 10-18 per ovary.
S. borealis
2. Basal leaves: blade margins entire or apically 3 or 5-toothed or -lobed; fruiting pedicels not secund; sepals caducous; fruits subterete or slightly 4-angled, 5-10 × 1.5-3 mm; ovules 4-8 per ovary
→ 3
3. Basal leaf blade surfaces densely silvery villous, trichomes mostly simple, 1-1.8 mm; petals lavender to purplish; fruiting pedicels 11-27 mm; fruit valves each with obscure midvein; ovules 4 per ovary; seeds 2.2-2.7 mm.
S. johnsonii
3. Basal leaf blade surfaces densely grayish tomentose, trichomes mostly dendritic with fewer simple ones, to 1 mm; petals white or creamy white; fruiting pedicels 4-12 mm; fruit valves each with prominent midvein; ovules 4-8 per ovary; seeds 1.5-2 mm.
S. porsildii
4. Sepals persistent; fruits 2-6 mm, bases obtuse, valves each with obscure midvein.
S. ovalis
4. Sepals caducous; fruits 5-13 mm, bases cuneate, valves each with prominent midvein
→ 5
5. Fruits pyriform, subterete, apices rounded; ovules 4 per ovary; seeds 2.5-3.2 × 1-1.5 mm.
S. pyriformis
5. Fruits fusiform, ellipsoid, oblong, or linear, 4-angled, apices cuneate; ovules 8-12 (-14) per ovary; seeds 1.1-2.2 × 0.6-1.1 mm
→ 6
6. Fruiting pedicels suberect to ascending, subappressed to rachises, forming less than 40˚ angle; seeds 1.1-1.9 × 0.6-0.9 mm; Alberta, British Columbia, Mountain and Pacific states.
S. americana
6. Fruiting pedicels usually spreading to divaricate, rarely divaricate-ascending, not appressed to rachises, often forming greater than 40˚ angle; seeds 1.7-2.2 × 0.9-1.1 mm; Alaska, Northwest Territories, Yukon.
S. media
Source FNA vol. 7, p. 671. Author: Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz. FNA vol. 7, p. 673.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Smelowskieae Brassicaceae > tribe Smelowskieae > Smelowskia
Sibling taxa
S. americana, S. johnsonii, S. media, S. ovalis, S. porsildii, S. pyriformis
Subordinate taxa
S. americana, S. borealis, S. johnsonii, S. media, S. ovalis, S. porsildii, S. pyriformis
Synonyms Acroschizocarpus, Ermania, Melanidion Melanidion boreale, Acroschizocarpus kolianus, Ermania borealis, S. borealis var. jordalii, S. borealis var. koliana, S. borealis var. villosa
Name authority C. A. Meyer: in C. F. von Ledebour, Icon. Pl. 2: 17, plate 151. (1830) (Greene) W. H. Drury & Rollins: Rhodora 54: 111. (1952)
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