Sisymbrium officinale |
Sisymbrium linifolium |
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common hedge-mustard, common tumble-mustard, hedge mustard |
flax-leaf plains mustard, flax-leaf tumble-mustard, lava cress, plains mustard, rush mustard, Salmon River plainsmustard |
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Habit | Annuals; glabrous or pubescent. | Perennials; (rhizomatous); usually glabrous basally, rarely sparsely pubescent, glabrous (and sometimes glaucous) distally. |
Stems | erect, branched distally, 2.5–7.5(–11) dm, usually sparsely to densely hirsute, (trichomes retrorse), rarely glabrate distally. |
erect or ascending, unbranched or branched (few) distally, (1.5–)3–7(–11) dm, glabrous distally. |
Basal leaves | usually rosulate; petiole (1–)2–7(–10) cm; blade broadly oblanceolate or oblong-obovate (in outline), (2–)3–10(–15) cm × (10–)20–50(–80) mm, margins lyrate-pinnatifid, pinnatisect, or runcinate; lobes (2)3 or 4(5) on each side, oblong or lanceolate, smaller than terminal lobe, margins entire, dentate, or lobed, (terminal lobe suborbicular or deltate, margins dentate). |
(soon withered); not rosulate; petiole (proximally) (0.5–)1–3 cm; blade similar to proximal cauline, 1.5–6 cm, margins entire, pinnatifid or pinnatisect; lateral lobes oblong to linear, 0.5–2.5 cm × 0.3–1(–2) mm, margins entire. |
Cauline leaves | similar to basal; blade with lobe margins dentate or subentire. |
sessile or shortly petiolate; blade usually filiform to linear, rarely oblanceolate, 1–2.5–9(–12) cm × 1–3.5(–5) mm (smaller distally, base attenuate or cuneate), margins usually entire, rarely dentate or pinnately lobed. |
Flowers | sepals erect, oblong-ovate, 2–2.5 × ca. 1 mm; petals spatulate, 2.5–4 × 1–2 mm, claw 1–2 mm; filaments (erect, yellowish), 2–3 mm; anthers ovate, 0.3–0.5 mm. |
sepals ascending, oblong to oblong-linear, (3–)4–7 × (0.8–)12 mm; petals spatulate, (6–)8–12 × (1.5–)2–4 mm, claw 2–5 mm; filaments (yellowish), (4–)5–7 mm; anthers linear, 1.5–2.5mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | erect, (appressed to rachis), stout, narrower than fruit, 1.5–3(–4) mm. |
divaricate to ascending, slender, narrower than fruit, (3–)5–9(–11) mm. |
Fruits | (erect), subulate-linear, straight, slightly torulose or smooth, stout, (0.7–)1–1.4(–1.8) cm × 1–1.5 mm; valves glabrous or pubescent; ovules 10–20 per ovary; style (0.8–)1–1.5(–2) mm; stigma slightly 2-lobed. |
(divaricate to erect), narrowly linear, smooth, slender, (2.5–)3.5–6.5 cm × 0.9–1.2 mm; valves glabrous; ovules 60–94 per ovary; style 0.5–1 mm; stigma prominently 2-lobed. |
Seeds | 1–1.3 × 0.5–0.6 mm. |
1–2 × 0.4–0.6 mm. |
2n | = 14. |
= 14. |
Sisymbrium officinale |
Sisymbrium linifolium |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr-late Sep. | Flowering Apr–Aug. |
Habitat | Roadsides, fields, pastures, waste grounds, deserts | Rocky or gravelly hillsides, sagebrush communities, pinyon-juniper areas, shady rock cliffs, abandoned fields, sandy prairies, steep banks |
Elevation | 0-2200 m (0-7200 ft) | 700-2800 m (2300-9200 ft) |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; CA; CT; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; AB; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; YT; Europe; Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Central America, South America, Australia]
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AZ; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; BC
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Discussion | N. H. Holmgren (2005b) recognized Sisymbrium linifolium and others (see 86. Hesperidanthus) in Schoenocrambe even though the molecular evidence (S. I. Warwick et al. 2002) overwhelmingly shows that the latter is nested within Sisymbrium, whereas the species of Hesperidanthus are not closely related. Indeed, I. A. Al-Shehbaz et al. (2006) placed Hesperidanthus and Sisymbrium in different tribes. This is an example where the superficial resemblances in fruit morphology are the result of convergence and can easily mislead to erroneous taxonomy. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 670. | FNA vol. 7, p. 668. |
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Sisymbrieae > Sisymbrium | Brassicaceae > tribe Sisymbrieae > Sisymbrium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Erysimum officinale, S. officinale var. leiocarpum | Nasturtium linifolium, Erysimum glaberrimum, Erysimum linifolium, Nasturtium pumilum, Schoenocrambe decumbens, Schoenocrambe linifolia, Schoenocrambe pinnata, Schoenocrambe pygmaea, S. decumbens, S. linifolium var. decumbens, S. linifolium var. pinnatum, S. pygmaeum |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Scopoli: Fl. Carniol. ed. 2, 2: 26. (1772) | (Nuttall) Nuttall: in J. Torrey and A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 91. (1838) |
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