Sisymbrium |
Sisymbrium irio |
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hedge-mustard, rocket, tumblemustard |
London hedge-mustard, London rocket |
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Habit | Plants not scapose; pubescent or glabrous. | Annuals; glabrous or sparsely pubescent. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | often erect, sometimes ascending, rarely subprostrate or decumbent, often branched distally, sometimes unbranched. |
erect, branched proximally and distally, (1–)2–6(–7.5) dm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent at least basally. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; petiolate or sessile; basal rosulate or not, petiolate, blade margins dentate, sinuate, lyrate, runcinate, or pinnately lobed [entire]; cauline similar to basal, (blade smaller distally). |
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Basal leaves | not rosulate; petiole (0.5–)1–4.5(–6) cm; blade oblanceolate or oblong (in outline), (1.5–)3–12(–15) cm × (5–)10–60(–90) mm, margins runcinate to pinnatisect; lobes (1–)2–6(–8) on each side, oblong or lanceolate, smaller than terminal lobe, margins entire, dentate, or lobed. |
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Cauline leaves | similar to basal; (distalmost) blade (smaller, to 2 cm wide), margins entire or 1–3-lobed. |
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Racemes | (several-flowered), often considerably elongated in fruit. |
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Flowers | sepals ovate or oblong, (glabrous or pubescent); petals yellow, obovate, spatulate, oblong, or suborbicular, (longer than sepals), claw differentiated from blade, (subequaling or longer than sepals, apex obtuse or emarginate); stamens tetradynamous; filaments not dilated basally; anthers oblong, (apex obtuse); nectar glands confluent, subtending bases of stamens, median glands present. |
sepals erect, oblong, 2–2.5 × 1–1.5 mm; petals oblong-oblanceolate, 2.5–3.5(–4) × 1–1.5 mm, claw 1–1.5 mm; filaments 2.5–4 mm; anthers ovate, 0.5–0.9 mm. |
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Fruiting pedicels | ascending, divaricate, or erect, slender or stout (sometimes as wide as fruit). |
divaricate or ascending, slender, much narrower than fruit, (5–)7–12(–20) mm. |
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Fruits | usually sessile, rarely shortly stipitate (gynophore to 1 mm), usually linear, rarely lanceolate or subulate, smooth or torulose; valves each with prominent midvein and 2 conspicuous marginal veins, usually glabrous, rarely pubescent; replum rounded; septum complete; style subclavate [clavate, conical, cylindrical]; stigma capitate (lobes not decurrent). |
(divaricate to ascending, young fruits overtopping flowers), narrowly linear, straight or slightly curved inward, slightly torulose, slender, (2.5–)3–4(–5) cm × 0.9–1.1 mm; valves glabrous; ovules 40–90 per ovary; style 0.2–0.5 mm; stigma prominently 2-lobed. |
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Seeds | plump, not winged, oblong [ovoid]; seed coat (reticulate or papillate), not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons incumbent. |
0.8–1 × 0.5–0.6 mm. |
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x | = 7. |
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2n | = 14. |
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Sisymbrium |
Sisymbrium irio |
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Phenology | Flowering Dec–May. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Rocky slopes, orchards, roadsides, fields, pastures, waste grounds, prairies, disturbed sites | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0-1700 m (0-5600 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
North America; Europe; Asia; Africa [Introduced in Central America, South America, Australia] |
AZ; CA; CO; CT; FL; ID; MA; MI; NM; NV; OH; PA; TX; UT; WY; Europe; w Asia; c Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in South America, Australia]
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Discussion | Species 41 (8 in the flora). All except one of the eight species of Sisymbrium in North America are introduced Eurasian weeds. Sisymbrium linifolium (Nuttall) Nuttall was retained in Sisymbrium by both E. B. Payson (1922) and O. E. Schulz (1924). Greene took that species as the type of his genus Schoenocrambe. R. C. Rollins (1982b, 1993) maintained Schoenocrambe and (1993) recognized Sisymbrium auriculatum as the only native North American species of the genus. Molecular studies (S. I. Warwick et al. 2002, 2005) clearly demonstrated that Schoenocrambe should be united with Sisymbrium, that S. linifolium is most closely related to the Eurasian S. polymorphum (Murray) Roth (as was suggested by both Payson and Schulz), that 40 of the 41 species of Sisymbrium are native to the Old World, and that S. auriculatum is a member of the New World Thelypodieae and is unrelated to Sisymbrium. See also Warwick and I. A. Al-Shehbaz (2003) and Al-Shehbaz (2005). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 667. | FNA vol. 7, p. 670. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Chamaeplium, Norta, Pachypodium, Schoenocrambe, Velarum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 657. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 659. (1753) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Web links |