Silene dioica |
Silene chalcedonica |
|
---|---|---|
red campion, red catchfly, silène dioïque |
croix de jérusalem, lychnide de chalcédoine, Maltese-cross, scarlet lychnis |
|
Habit | Plants perennial; taproot slender. | Plants perennial, coarse, rhizomatous; rhizome branched, stout. |
Stems | ascending, decumbent at base, branched, shortly rhizomatous, to 80 cm, softly pubescent, ± glandular, at least distally, rarely subglabrous. |
erect, few-branched, 50–100 cm, hispid. |
Leaves | sessile at mid and distal stem, petiolate to spatulate proximally; petiole equaling or longer than blade of basal leaves; blade ovate to elliptic, 3–13 cm × 10–50 mm (not including petiole), apex acute to acuminate, sparingly pubescent, densely so on abaxial midrib. |
rounded into tightly sessile base; blade lanceolate to ovate, 5–12 cm × 20–60 mm, apex acute, sparsely scabrous-pubescent on both surfaces, scabrous-ciliate on abaxial margins and midrib; basal leaf blades broadly spatulate. |
Inflorescences | dichasial cymes, several- to many-flowered, open, bracteate; bracts lanceolate, 4–20 × 2–7 mm, herbaceous, softly hairy throughout with long-septate hairs, not glandular, or with some glandular hairs. |
subcapitate between terminal pair of leaves, 10–50-flowered, congested, bracteate; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, ciliate. |
Pedicels | ascending, 0.2–3 cm, usually shorter than calyx. |
|
Flowers | unisexual, some plants having only staminate flowers, others having only pistillate flowers, 20–25 mm diam.; calyx 8–12-veined, campanulate, narrowly so in staminate flowers, broadly in pistillate, 10–15 × to 7 mm in flower, 11 mm broad in fruit, herbaceous, margins dentate, softly pubescent, lobes 5, erect, lanceolate, 2–3 mm; petals bright pink, clawed, claw equaling or longer than calyx, limb spreading horizontally, broadly obovate, unlobed or 2-lobed, to 12 × 12 mm, appendages 4, ca. 1 mm; stamens and stigmas equaling petal claw; styles 5. |
sessile to subsessile, 10–16 mm diam.; calyx 10-veined, narrow and tubular in flower, clavate in fruit, 12–17 mm, margins dentate, lobes triangular-lanceolate, 2.5–2.5 mm, coarsely hirsute; petals scarlet, sometimes white or pink, clawed, claw equaling calyx, limb spreading, obovate, deeply 2-lobed, 6–11 mm, shorter than calyx, appendages tubular, 2–3 mm; stamens equaling calyx; stigmas 5, equaling calyx. |
Capsules | broadly ovoid to globose, equaling and often splitting calyx, opening by 5 (splitting into 10) revolute teeth; carpophore absent. |
ovoid, 8–10 mm, opening by 5 teeth; carpophore 4–6 mm. |
Seeds | dark brown to black, broadly reniform, plump, 1–1.6 mm, densely and evenly papillate. |
dark reddish brown, reniform-rotund, 0.7–1 mm diam., coarsely papillate; papillae ca. as high as wide. |
2n | = 24. |
= 24 (Europe). |
Silene dioica |
Silene chalcedonica |
|
Phenology | Flowering summer. | Flowering summer. |
Habitat | Woodlands, hedges, gardens, riverbanks, open waste places | Roadsides, waste places, open woodlands |
Elevation | 0-500 m (0-1600 ft) | 0-300 m (0-1000 ft) |
Distribution |
CT; IA; IL; MA; MD; ME; MT; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SD; VT; WA; WI; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; QC; Europe [Introduced in North America]
|
CT; IA; ID; IL; IN; MA; ME; MI; MN; NH; NJ; NY; PA; VT; WI; AB; BC; MB; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Europe [Introduced in North America]
|
Discussion | Silene dioica is closely related to S. latifolia and completely interfertile with it. The two species hybridize wherever they grow in close proximity, and the offspring (S. hampeana Meusel & K. Werner) usually have pale pink flowers. Silene dioica and S. latifolia are difficult to separate in herbarium material unless flower color has been noted. The characters that distinguish S. dioica are the usually dense, long, and soft pubescence covering at least the distal portion of the plant; the broad, almost globose, thin, and brittle capsule with revolute teeth; and the softer, thinner, usually broader leaves. Occasionally, double-flowered plants are encountered as garden escapes. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Silene chalcedonica is widely cultivated but rarely escapes and probably does not persist. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 5, p. 181. | FNA vol. 5, p. 179. |
Parent taxa | Caryophyllaceae > subfam. Caryophylloideae > Silene | Caryophyllaceae > subfam. Caryophylloideae > Silene |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Lychnis dioica, Lychnis rubra, Melandrium dioicum, Melandrium dioicum subsp. rubrum, Melandrium rubrum | Lychnis chalcedonica, Agrostemma chalcedonica |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Clairville: Man. Herbor. Suisse, 146. (1811) | (Linnaeus) E. H. L. Krause: in J. Sturm et al., Deutsch. Fl. ed. 2, 5: 96. (1901) |
Web links |