Sideroxylon reclinatum |
Sideroxylon |
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Florida bully |
bully |
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Habit | Shrubs or trees, to 5 m. Stems armed, glabrous, glabrate, or strigose. | Shrubs or trees. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | not armed or armed with thorns, glabrous or glabrate to tomentose, villous, or strigose, often glabrescent (hairs tawny or reddish brown to brown). |
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Leaves | deciduous or persistent; petiole 1.5–6 mm, usually glabrous, sometimes hairy at base; blade (lustrous dark green adaxially), broadly elliptic, oblanceolate, or spatulate, 9–52 × 3.5–25 mm, base attenuate to cuneate, margins plane, apex rounded to obtuse, sometimes retuse, abaxial surface glabrous or sparsely villous along midrib or villous across blade (hairs tawny), venation visible, adaxial surface glabrous or sparsely villous along midrib, midrib flat, marginal vein absent. |
deciduous or persistent, alternate and/or sometimes fascicled on short shoots; stipules absent; petiole present; blade: base rounded, obtuse, cuneate, or acute to attenuate, apex rounded to obtuse, sometimes retuse, or acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous or glabrate to villous, sericeous, or strigose abaxially, usually glabrose or glabrate, sometimes glabrescent adaxially. |
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Inflorescences | 4–20-flowered. |
fascicles. |
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Pedicels | 2–16 mm, usually glabrous, rarely strigose. |
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Flowers | calyx 1.5–2.4 mm diam.; sepals 5(–6), 1.4–2.1 × 1–1.3 mm, usually glabrous, rarely strigose; petals 5, white, median segment broadly ovate, 1.1–1.3 mm, lateral segments lanceolate to falcate, 1.1–1.3 mm; stamens 5, 2.3–2.7 mm; staminodes broadly lanceolate, 1.1–1.3 mm, erose; anthers lanceolate to sagittate, 0.9–1.2 mm; pistil (4–)5-carpellate; ovary (4–)5-locular, 1–1.3 mm, sparsely to densely strigose; style 0.7–1.2 mm. |
sepals (4–)5(–6)[–8] in 1 whorl, imbricate, glabrous or glabrate to hairy abaxially; petals (4–)5(–6), white or cream to yellowish or yellow, lobes longer than corolla tube, each divided into 1 median and 2 lateral segments or lateral segments vestigial or absent, median segment equaling or larger than lateral segments; stamens (4–)5(–6), distinct distal to corolla tube; staminodes (4–)5(–6), alternating with stamens, inflexed, petaloid, lanceolate, glabrous [hairy]; pistil (4–)5(–8)-carpellate; ovary (4–)5(–8)-locular, glabrous or hairy. |
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Berries | purplish black, ellipsoid to subglobose, 4–9 mm, glabrous or glabrate. |
yellow to orange or purple to purplish black or black, subglobose or obovoid to ellipsoid, ovoid, or oblong, (frequently with apiculate stylar remnant), glabrous or glabrate. |
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Seeds | 3–7 mm. |
1–2, buff to light brown, ellipsoid; hilum ovoid to ellipsoid; embryo vertical, oblique, or horizontal; endosperm present or absent. |
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x | = 12. |
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Sideroxylon reclinatum |
Sideroxylon |
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Distribution |
AL; FL; GA; LA; MS; SC
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United States; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies; Africa; Indian Ocean Islands; warm-temperate and tropical areas |
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Discussion | Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora). Except for its treatment as a variety of Bumelia lycioides, Sideroxylon reclinatum generally has been recognized at the rank of species. Its distinctive characteristics are shrubby habit, twigs with thorns, conspicuously reticulate leaves, glabrous or sparsely villous (subsp. reclinatum), or villous (subsp. austrofloridense) abaxial leaf surfaces, white to tawny hairs, and comparatively small fruits. Because of polymorphism in twig indument, the extent of indument on abaxial leaf surfaces, hair density of sepals and pistils, and fruit size, two or three infraspecific taxa have been recognized commonly (R. D. Whetstone 1985). Although var. or subsp. rufotomentosum previously has been included in B. reticulata, S. rufohirtum (= B. rufotomentosa) is treated as a species here (see discussion under S. rufohirtum). We recognize two subspecies within S. reclinatum differentiated by the extent of indument on abaxial leaf surfaces. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Bumelia Swartz; Dipholis A. de Candolle; Mastichodendron (Engler) H. J. Lam Species 69 (11 in the flora). The generic concept of T. D. Pennington (1990, 1991) followed here includes nine species assigned previously to Bumelia, and one species each placed formerly in Dipholis and Mastichodendron (J. K. Small 1900; R. B. Clark 1942; A. Cronquist 1945b, 1945c). Characters used to segregate those genera included twig thorniness, corolla lobe segmentation, ovary indument, and endosperm presence. These characters vary considerably among species and segregate genera, which resulted in Pennington’s (1990) adoption of a broad concept of Sideroxylon without recognition of infrageneric groups. The division of the corolla lobes into three segments (shared with many species of Manilkara), the single whorl of five sepals, and the basal or basal-ventral seed scar represent a combination of character traits that defines Sideroxylon sensu Pennington (1990). U. Swenson and A. A. Anderberg (2005) provided strong support for a monophyletic tribe Sideroxyleae (12 species sampled) and a broad concept of Sideroxylon that included segregate genera, but they could not delineate Sideroxylon in the narrow sense with any synapomorphic morphological characters. North American species of Sideroxylon have been described and differentiated predominantly using vegetative characters such as thorn presence, leaf length and width, leaf venation pattern, and twig and leaf indument density and color (J. K. Small 1900; R. B. Clark 1942; A. Cronquist 1945b, 1945c; T. D. Pennington 1990; R. P. Wunderlin and B. F. Hansen 2003). Corolla size and segmentation of the lobes, ovary indument, and fruit shape and length have been used to a lesser extent to differentiate species and infraspecific taxa. Character intergradation and polymorphism are especially marked among S. lanuginosum, S. lycioides, S. reclinatum, S. tenax, and S. thornei, resulting in identification difficulties and hypotheses of interspecific hybridization (Clark; Cronquist 1949). Some species of Sideroxylon are sources of dried sap for chewing gum, wood for building materials, and edible fruits. Sideroxylon dulcificum A. de Candolle has fruits with flavor ranging from sweet to bitter, making it important in the food industry. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 8, p. 241. | FNA vol. 8, p. 236. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Sapotaceae > Sideroxylon | Sapotaceae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Bumelia lycioides var. reclinata, Bumelia reclinata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Michaux: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 122. 1803 , | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 192. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 89. 1754 (as Sideroxylum) , | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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