Senna occidentalis |
Senna atomaria |
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coffee senna, septicweed |
flor de San Jose, flor de san josé, palo zorillo |
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Habit | Herbs, perennial, bushy, to 2.2 m; branches dark green and blackish. | Shrubs or trees, to 20 m. Leaves mesophyllous to slightly sclerophyllous, 8.5–28.5 cm, hairy, sometimes densely; stipules caducous; extrafloral nectaries 0; leaflet pairs 2–5, blades bicolored, usually obovate to elliptic, sometimes ovate, 20–130 × 10–60 mm. |
Leaves | mesophyllous, 11–26 cm, glabrous or glabrate; stipules caducous; extrafloral nectary 1, base of petiole, sessile or subsessile; leaflet pairs 4 or 5(or 6), blades lanceolate- or ovate-acuminate, 45–100 × 12–38 mm. |
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Racemes | usually (1 or)2–5-flowered; bracts caducous, longer than bud, often blackish green. |
5–55-flowered, not spikelike; bracts early caducous, to 5 mm. |
Pedicels | 8–21 mm. |
13–28 mm. |
Flowers | monosymmetric; calyx pinkish or fuscous; corolla yellow, longest petal 12–17 mm; androecium heterantherous, stamens 6, staminodes 3 + 1; anthers of middle stamens 3.2–5.2 mm, of abaxial stamens 4.9–6.6 mm, elongated beyond pores, dehiscing by U-shaped pore, apical appendage linguiform, thickened; gynoecium incurved, ovules 40–60; ovary densely hairy; style slightly incurved. |
asymmetric, enantiostylous; calyx greenish to yellow; corolla yellow-orange, slightly dark-veined, longest petal 12–23 mm, highly asymmetric, 1 or both lower petals highly modified, strongly concave and folded over stamens (flag-shaped); androecium slightly heterantherous, stamens 7 (similar in shape and size, abaxial ones slightly longer), staminodes 3; anthers 2.8–5 mm, dehiscing by 2 short slits, apical appendage 0; gynoecium incurved, ovules 46–70; ovary glabrate, sometimes becoming hairy after fertilization; style stout. |
Legumes | ascending, flat, slightly curved or straight, linear, 80–135 × 6.5–9.5 mm, corrugated over seeds, dehiscent. |
pendulous, flat, straight, 220–370 × 80–140 mm, woody, indehiscent or splitting transversely into woody segments. |
Seeds | olive green or brownish, obovoid. |
reddish brown, obovoid to oblong-obovoid. |
2n | = 26, 28. |
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Senna occidentalis |
Senna atomaria |
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Phenology | Flowering mid summer–early winter. | Flowering late winter–late spring. |
Habitat | Disturbed habitats, waste places, roadsides. | Disturbed habitats. |
Elevation | 0–1200 m. (0–3900 ft.) | 0–20 m. (0–100 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; LA; MA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NY; OK; SC; TN; TX; VA; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies [Introduced in North America; introduced also in tropical and subtropical Eurasia, Africa, Australia]
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FL; Mexico (Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán); Central America (including Caribbean Islands); South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela) [Introduced in North America]
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Discussion | Although Senna occidentalis is probably native to the tropical New World, the species is now weedy in so many countries worldwide, including also other parts of the New World, that the exact range of its geographic distribution as a native is a matter of speculation (H. S. Irwin and R. C. Barneby 1982). In the flora area, it is considered as naturalized (R. Kral et al. 2012; R. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
As with other trees from deciduous and semi-deciduous vegetation, Senna atomaria is covered with flowers before developing the foliage (H. S. Irwin and R. C. Barneby 1982). In the flora area, it occurs naturalized only very locally in Collier County (R. P. Wunderlin et al., http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Senna | Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Senna |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Cassia occidentalis, Ditremexa occidentalis | Cassia atomaria, C. emarginata |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Link: Handbuch 2: 140. (1829) | (Linnaeus) H. S. Irwin & Barneby: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 588. (1982) |
Web links |