Senna occidentalis |
Senna armata |
|
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coffee senna, septicweed |
desert senna, spiny senna |
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Habit | Herbs, perennial, bushy, to 2.2 m; branches dark green and blackish. | Shrubs, to 2 m, branches green, often attenuate. |
Leaves | mesophyllous, 11–26 cm, glabrous or glabrate; stipules caducous; extrafloral nectary 1, base of petiole, sessile or subsessile; leaflet pairs 4 or 5(or 6), blades lanceolate- or ovate-acuminate, 45–100 × 12–38 mm. |
sclerophyllous, modified as phyllodes, 2–9 cm, thinly pubescent or glabrate; stipules caducous; extrafloral nectaries (0 or)1 or 2, highly reduced, on rachis, ± sessile; leaflet pairs (0 or)2–8(–10), often irregularly inserted or absent, blades ovate, apex obtuse or subacute, 2–9 × 1–6 mm. |
Racemes | usually (1 or)2–5-flowered; bracts caducous, longer than bud, often blackish green. |
1 or 2-flowered; bracts caducous. |
Pedicels | 8–21 mm. |
8–21 mm. |
Flowers | monosymmetric; calyx pinkish or fuscous; corolla yellow, longest petal 12–17 mm; androecium heterantherous, stamens 6, staminodes 3 + 1; anthers of middle stamens 3.2–5.2 mm, of abaxial stamens 4.9–6.6 mm, elongated beyond pores, dehiscing by U-shaped pore, apical appendage linguiform, thickened; gynoecium incurved, ovules 40–60; ovary densely hairy; style slightly incurved. |
monosymmetric; calyx yellow; corolla yellow, longest petal 7.5–13 mm; androecium not heterantherous, stamens 7, staminodes 3; anthers 3–4.3 mm, dehiscing by 1 apical pore, apical appendage 0; gynoecium linear, ovules 6–12; ovary hairy; style incurved. |
Legumes | ascending, flat, slightly curved or straight, linear, 80–135 × 6.5–9.5 mm, corrugated over seeds, dehiscent. |
erect, flat or turgid, straight, linear, 20–45 × 5–6.5 mm, not or faintly corrugated over seeds, tardily dehiscent. |
Seeds | olive green or brownish, obovoid. |
dark brown, ovoid. |
2n | = 26, 28. |
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Senna occidentalis |
Senna armata |
|
Phenology | Flowering mid summer–early winter. | Flowering early spring–summer. |
Habitat | Disturbed habitats, waste places, roadsides. | Sandy to gravelly desert washes, alluvial fans, flood plains. |
Elevation | 0–1200 m. (0–3900 ft.) | 150–1800 m. (500–5900 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; LA; MA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NY; OK; SC; TN; TX; VA; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies [Introduced in North America; introduced also in tropical and subtropical Eurasia, Africa, Australia]
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AZ; CA; NV; Mexico (Baja California)
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Discussion | Although Senna occidentalis is probably native to the tropical New World, the species is now weedy in so many countries worldwide, including also other parts of the New World, that the exact range of its geographic distribution as a native is a matter of speculation (H. S. Irwin and R. C. Barneby 1982). In the flora area, it is considered as naturalized (R. Kral et al. 2012; R. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Representative of the Mohave and Sonoran Deserts, Senna armata is the only North American senna displaying a highly xerophytic habit with green, nearly leafless stems (described as rushlike in the desert floras; R. M. Turner et al. 1995). Otherwise, this habit characterizes the unrelated group of a dozen species of Senna ser. Aphyllae (Bentham) H. S. Irwin & Barneby from aridlands in southern South America (H. S. Irwin and R. C. Barneby 1982). Owing to its highly xerophytic habit, S. armata was considered taxonomically isolated due to its xerophytic morphology (Irwin and Barneby), but, according to molecular phylogenetic analyses (B. Marazzi et al. 2006; Marazzi and M. J. Sanderson 2010), it is, in fact, included in the same clade as species of ser. Brachycarpae (Bentham) H. S. Irwin & Barneby (S. bauhinioides, S. covesii, S. lindheimeriana, and S. roemeriana, which also occur in North America). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Senna | Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Senna |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Cassia occidentalis, Ditremexa occidentalis | Cassia armata |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Link: Handbuch 2: 140. (1829) | (S. Watson) H. S. Irwin & Barneby: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 292. (1982) |
Web links |