Senna covesii |
Senna alata |
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Coues' cassia, Coves' cassia, desert senna |
candle bush, candlestick senna, Emperor's candlesticks |
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Habit | Herbs, perennial, to 0.7 m. Leaves slightly sclerophyllous, 2–10 cm, hairy; stipules persistent, to 1 mm wide; extrafloral nectaries between all leaflet pairs, stipitate; leaflet pairs 2–4, blades obovate to elliptic-obovate or oblong-elliptic, 10–38 × 5–19 mm. | Shrubs, rarely arborescent, to 4 m. Leaves mesophyllous, first leaflet pair often caducous, 20–75 cm, ± glabrous; stipules persistent; extrafloral nectaries 0; leaflet pairs 6–14, blades oblong to obovate, 70–210 × 30–135 mm. |
Racemes | (2–)4–8-flowered; bracts caducous. |
40+-flowered, spikelike, bearing flowers in conelike head, often apparently terminal; bracts conspicuous, covering buds, caducous as pedicel elongates, firm, yellow to light orange, 10+ mm. |
Pedicels | 8–17 mm. |
4–11 mm. |
Flowers | monosymmetric; calyx pale green, pinkish, or yellowish; corolla golden yellow, longest petal 9–15 mm; androecium not heterantherous, stamens 7, staminodes 3; anthers 2.5–4.2 mm, dehiscing by 1 apical pore, apical appendage 0; gynoecium linear, slightly incurved, ovules 28–42; ovary hairy; style filiform, incurved. |
asymmetric (enantiostylous); calyx yellow; corolla bright yellow to yellow-orange, bowl-shaped, petals monosymmetric, lower and upper petals similar in shape, firm, strongly concave, longest petal 15–24 mm; androecium heterantherous, stamens 7, staminodes 3; anthers of middle stamens 2.6–4 mm, of abaxial stamens 9.5–13 mm, dehiscing by 1 or 2 short slits, apical appendage 0; gynoecium incurved, ovules 44–58; ovary densely hairy; style incurved. |
Legumes | erect, cylindrical, slightly curved, 180–350 × 50–80 mm, shallowly corrugated over seeds, dehiscing apically downward. |
ascending, flat, straight or slightly curved, tetragonal, 110–190 × 9–12 mm, carinate by sutures and winged along middle of each valve, tardily dehiscent. |
Seeds | brown, rhomboid. |
dark brown, rhomboid. |
2n | = 24. |
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Senna covesii |
Senna alata |
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Phenology | Flowering late winter–early fall. | Flowering spring–summer. |
Habitat | Sandy and gravelly desert washes, slopes, and stony hills, disturbed desert roadsides. | Riverbanks, lakeshores, seasonally wet savannas, disturbed habitats, pastures, plantations, roadsides, waste places. |
Elevation | 0–1200 m. (0–3900 ft.) | 0–500(–2000) m. (0–1600(–6600) ft.) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; NM; NV; Mexico (Baja California, Sinaloa, Sonora)
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AL; FL; LA; MS; OK; TX; n South America [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central America, Asia, Africa, Atlantic Islands, Indian Ocean Islands, Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Australia]
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Discussion | Due to its attractive candlelike yellow inflorescences, Senna alata has been cultivated worldwide. In addition to its laxative properties, S. alata, sometimes called ringworm senna or ringworm bush, may be useful as a treatment for ringworm and other fungal infections (S. Palanichamy and S. Nagarajan 1990; H. Martin and M’P. Bindanda 2008). Likely native to tropical northern South America (H. S. Irwin and R. C. Barneby 1981), S. alata is now naturalized and listed as weedy in many countries outside the flora area (W. T. Parsons and E. G. Cuthbertson 2001; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) 2006, http://www.hear.org/pier/species/senna_alata.htm). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Senna | Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Senna |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Cassia covesii, Earleocassia covesii | Cassia alata |
Name authority | (A. Gray) H. S. Irwin & Barneby: Phytologia 44: 499. (1979) | (Linnaeus) Roxburgh: Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 2: 349. (1832) |
Web links |