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Argentine senna

candle bush, candlestick senna, Emperor's candlesticks

Habit Shrubs or trees, to 3.5 m. Leaves mesophyllous, 5.5–9.5 cm, glabrous or glabrate; stipules caducous; extrafloral nectary 1, between first leaflet pair, sessile or short-stipitate; leaflet pairs 3, blades oblong-lanceolate, 25–60 × 5–14 mm. Shrubs, rarely arborescent, to 4 m. Leaves mesophyllous, first leaflet pair often caducous, 20–75 cm, ± glabrous; stipules persistent; extrafloral nectaries 0; leaflet pairs 6–14, blades oblong to obovate, 70–210 × 30–135 mm.
Racemes

4–18-flowered;

bracts caducous.

40+-flowered, spikelike, bearing flowers in conelike head, often apparently terminal;

bracts conspicuous, covering buds, caducous as pedicel elongates, firm, yellow to light orange, 10+ mm.

Pedicels

13–23 mm.

4–11 mm.

Flowers

monosymmetric;

calyx brownish to greenish yellow;

corolla golden yellow, longest petal 8–16 mm;

androecium heterantherous, stamens 7, middle stamens 1/2 as long as abaxial or smaller, staminodes 3;

anthers of middle stamens to 3.6–4.8 mm, of abaxial stamens 5.2–6.5 mm, dehiscing by nearly U-shaped pore, apical appendage inconspicuous;

gynoecium incurved, ovules 34–50;

ovary hairy;

style slightly incurved.

asymmetric (enantiostylous);

calyx yellow;

corolla bright yellow to yellow-orange, bowl-shaped, petals monosymmetric, lower and upper petals similar in shape, firm, strongly concave, longest petal 15–24 mm;

androecium heterantherous, stamens 7, staminodes 3;

anthers of middle stamens 2.6–4 mm, of abaxial stamens 9.5–13 mm, dehiscing by 1 or 2 short slits, apical appendage 0;

gynoecium incurved, ovules 44–58;

ovary densely hairy;

style incurved.

Legumes

somewhat pendulous, cylindrical, straight, 40–120 × 6–10 mm, corrugated over seeds, indehiscent.

ascending, flat, straight or slightly curved, tetragonal, 110–190 × 9–12 mm, carinate by sutures and winged along middle of each valve, tardily dehiscent.

Seeds

dull brown or dark reddish brown, obliquely obovoid or oblong-ellipsoid.

dark brown, rhomboid.

2n

= 28.

= 24.

Senna corymbosa

Senna alata

Phenology Flowering early winter–mid spring. Flowering spring–summer.
Habitat Thickets, brushy stream and river banks, waste places. Riverbanks, lakeshores, seasonally wet savannas, disturbed habitats, pastures, plantations, roadsides, waste places.
Elevation 0–500 m. (0–1600 ft.) 0–500(–2000) m. (0–1600(–6600) ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
FL; GA; LA; MS; SC; TX; s South America
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; FL; LA; MS; OK; TX; n South America [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, West Indies, Bermuda, Central America, Asia, Africa, Atlantic Islands, Indian Ocean Islands, Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Senna corymbosa has been cultivated for over two centuries and is a common ornamental in many botanical gardens worldwide; it has become naturalized in warmer western Europe and South Africa (H. S. Irwin and R. C. Barneby 1982).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Due to its attractive candlelike yellow inflorescences, Senna alata has been cultivated worldwide. In addition to its laxative properties, S. alata, sometimes called ringworm senna or ringworm bush, may be useful as a treatment for ringworm and other fungal infections (S. Palanichamy and S. Nagarajan 1990; H. Martin and M’P. Bindanda 2008). Likely native to tropical northern South America (H. S. Irwin and R. C. Barneby 1981), S. alata is now naturalized and listed as weedy in many countries outside the flora area (W. T. Parsons and E. G. Cuthbertson 2001; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) 2006, http://www.hear.org/pier/species/senna_alata.htm).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 11. FNA vol. 11.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Senna Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Senna
Sibling taxa
S. alata, S. armata, S. artemisioides, S. atomaria, S. bauhinioides, S. covesii, S. durangensis, S. hebecarpa, S. hirsuta, S. ligustrina, S. lindheimeriana, S. marilandica, S. mexicana, S. multiglandulosa, S. obtusifolia, S. occidentalis, S. orcuttii, S. pendula, S. pilosior, S. pumilio, S. ripleyana, S. roemeriana, S. surattensis, S. wislizeni
S. armata, S. artemisioides, S. atomaria, S. bauhinioides, S. corymbosa, S. covesii, S. durangensis, S. hebecarpa, S. hirsuta, S. ligustrina, S. lindheimeriana, S. marilandica, S. mexicana, S. multiglandulosa, S. obtusifolia, S. occidentalis, S. orcuttii, S. pendula, S. pilosior, S. pumilio, S. ripleyana, S. roemeriana, S. surattensis, S. wislizeni
Synonyms Cassia corymbosa, Adipera corymbosa Cassia alata
Name authority (Lamarck) H. S. Irwin & Barneby: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 397. (1982) (Linnaeus) Roxburgh: Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 2: 349. (1832)
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