Senna atomaria |
Senna armata |
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flor de San Jose, flor de san josé, palo zorillo |
desert senna, spiny senna |
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Habit | Shrubs or trees, to 20 m. Leaves mesophyllous to slightly sclerophyllous, 8.5–28.5 cm, hairy, sometimes densely; stipules caducous; extrafloral nectaries 0; leaflet pairs 2–5, blades bicolored, usually obovate to elliptic, sometimes ovate, 20–130 × 10–60 mm. | Shrubs, to 2 m, branches green, often attenuate. |
Leaves | sclerophyllous, modified as phyllodes, 2–9 cm, thinly pubescent or glabrate; stipules caducous; extrafloral nectaries (0 or)1 or 2, highly reduced, on rachis, ± sessile; leaflet pairs (0 or)2–8(–10), often irregularly inserted or absent, blades ovate, apex obtuse or subacute, 2–9 × 1–6 mm. |
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Racemes | 5–55-flowered, not spikelike; bracts early caducous, to 5 mm. |
1 or 2-flowered; bracts caducous. |
Pedicels | 13–28 mm. |
8–21 mm. |
Flowers | asymmetric, enantiostylous; calyx greenish to yellow; corolla yellow-orange, slightly dark-veined, longest petal 12–23 mm, highly asymmetric, 1 or both lower petals highly modified, strongly concave and folded over stamens (flag-shaped); androecium slightly heterantherous, stamens 7 (similar in shape and size, abaxial ones slightly longer), staminodes 3; anthers 2.8–5 mm, dehiscing by 2 short slits, apical appendage 0; gynoecium incurved, ovules 46–70; ovary glabrate, sometimes becoming hairy after fertilization; style stout. |
monosymmetric; calyx yellow; corolla yellow, longest petal 7.5–13 mm; androecium not heterantherous, stamens 7, staminodes 3; anthers 3–4.3 mm, dehiscing by 1 apical pore, apical appendage 0; gynoecium linear, ovules 6–12; ovary hairy; style incurved. |
Legumes | pendulous, flat, straight, 220–370 × 80–140 mm, woody, indehiscent or splitting transversely into woody segments. |
erect, flat or turgid, straight, linear, 20–45 × 5–6.5 mm, not or faintly corrugated over seeds, tardily dehiscent. |
Seeds | reddish brown, obovoid to oblong-obovoid. |
dark brown, ovoid. |
Senna atomaria |
Senna armata |
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Phenology | Flowering late winter–late spring. | Flowering early spring–summer. |
Habitat | Disturbed habitats. | Sandy to gravelly desert washes, alluvial fans, flood plains. |
Elevation | 0–20 m. (0–100 ft.) | 150–1800 m. (500–5900 ft.) |
Distribution |
FL; Mexico (Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán); Central America (including Caribbean Islands); South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela) [Introduced in North America]
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AZ; CA; NV; Mexico (Baja California)
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Discussion | As with other trees from deciduous and semi-deciduous vegetation, Senna atomaria is covered with flowers before developing the foliage (H. S. Irwin and R. C. Barneby 1982). In the flora area, it occurs naturalized only very locally in Collier County (R. P. Wunderlin et al., http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Representative of the Mohave and Sonoran Deserts, Senna armata is the only North American senna displaying a highly xerophytic habit with green, nearly leafless stems (described as rushlike in the desert floras; R. M. Turner et al. 1995). Otherwise, this habit characterizes the unrelated group of a dozen species of Senna ser. Aphyllae (Bentham) H. S. Irwin & Barneby from aridlands in southern South America (H. S. Irwin and R. C. Barneby 1982). Owing to its highly xerophytic habit, S. armata was considered taxonomically isolated due to its xerophytic morphology (Irwin and Barneby), but, according to molecular phylogenetic analyses (B. Marazzi et al. 2006; Marazzi and M. J. Sanderson 2010), it is, in fact, included in the same clade as species of ser. Brachycarpae (Bentham) H. S. Irwin & Barneby (S. bauhinioides, S. covesii, S. lindheimeriana, and S. roemeriana, which also occur in North America). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Senna | Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Senna |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Cassia atomaria, C. emarginata | Cassia armata |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) H. S. Irwin & Barneby: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 588. (1982) | (S. Watson) H. S. Irwin & Barneby: Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 292. (1982) |
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