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limprichtia moss, rusty hook-moss, rusty scorpion moss

scorpidium moss

Habit Plants medium-sized to large (sometimes when submerged), not turgid, green, red, purplish red, dark brownish red, or blackish red. Plants medium-sized to very large, green, brownish yellow, brownish to blackish red, or red.
Stem(s)

leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, gradually or sometimes abruptly narrowed to apex, ± suddenly curved distally, concave, 0.5–1 mm wide;

apex acuminate or long-acuminate, sometimes apiculate;

costa single, ending beyond mid leaf;

alar cells 2–10;

medial laminal cells (shorter 1/2 of leaf) 61–140(–179) µm, cell ends short or long fusiform-narrowed, rarely rounded to almost square.

leaves ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, sometimes almost orbicular, gradually or abruptly narrowed to apex, suddenly curved distally, sometimes indistinctly so or ± straight, concave or strongly concave, not or hardly plicate;

base not or hardly decurrent;

margins entire proximally, finely denticulate or ± entire near apex;

apex obtuse, apiculate, acute, or acuminate;

costa single or double, short or ending beyond mid leaf, rarely ecostate;

alar cells differentiated, few, short- to long-rectangular, strongly inflated, hyaline, walls thin, region distinctly delimited, small, transversely triangular, from margins at most 50% distance to costa;

medial laminal cell walls thin to strongly incrassate, porose or not.

Sexual condition

autoicous.

dioicous or autoicous;

inner perichaetial leaves plicate;

vaginula with paraphyses present.

Capsule

with exostome external surface more than 40–50% cross striolate basally.

with annulus separating;

exostome external surface reticulate or partly, rarely entirely, cross striolate basally, margins slightly dentate distally.

Spores

12–21 µm.

Scorpidium revolvens

Scorpidium

Habitat Mountains, intermediately mineral-rich and often spring-influenced fens, small periodically water-filled depressions, shores, submerged
Elevation low to high elevations (0-3100 m) (low to high elevations (0-10200 ft))
Distribution
from FNA
AK; CO; ID; MI; MN; MT; OH; VT; WI; WY; AB; BC; MB; NL; NT; NU; ON; QC; SK; YT; SPM; South America; Pacific Islands (New Zealand, Papua New Guinea); Greenland; s Africa; Eurasia; Antarctica
[WildflowerSearch map]
North America; South America; Eurasia; s Africa; Pacific Islands (New Zealand, Papua New Guinea); Australia; Antarctica
Discussion

Scorpidium revolvens often has been confused with 2. S. cossonii; the differences between these species are discussed under the latter.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Species 3 (3 in the flora).

Scorpidium is characterized by a hyalodermis of inflated, thin-walled epidermal cells, which is present in at least part of the stem circumference. Unlike Hamatocaulis, Scorpidium has at least a weak central strand, except in very weak plants. These plants have small alar regions consisting of a few (2–20) inflated and thin-walled cells that are sharply delimited from the surrounding cells. Their stem leaves are normally smooth and, like those of Hamatocaulis, from an erectopatent to patent base suddenly curved distally, except in most expressions of S. scorpioides. Scorpidium is found in mineral-rich to intermediately mineral-rich and normally nutrient-poor habitats. When mineral-rich, these habitats are mostly rich in calcium.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Stem leaves strongly concave, almost orbicular to broadly ovate-lanceolate, suddenly curved distally or rarely straight; apices obtuse, usually apiculate, acute, or acuminate; costae double or occasionally single, rarely ecostate, rarely reaching beyond mid leaf; stem hyalodermis often incomplete; stem leaves (0.7-)1-2.4 mm wide.
S. scorpioides
1. Stem leaves concave, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ± suddenly curved distally; apices short- to long-acuminate, sometimes apiculate; costae single, ending beyond mid leaf; stem hyalodermis complete; stem leaves 0.5-1.1 mm wide
→ 2
2. Sexual condition autoicous; stem leaf medial laminal cells 61-140(-179) µm, cell ends short or long fusiform-narrowed; exostome external surface more than 40-50% cross striolate basally.
S. revolvens
2. Sexual condition dioicous; stem leaf medial laminal cells 14-95(-120) µm, cell ends square, rounded, or short fusiform-narrowed; exostome external surface more than 70% dotted basally.
S. cossonii
Source FNA vol. 28, p. 388. FNA vol. 28, p. 387.
Parent taxa Calliergonaceae > Scorpidium Calliergonaceae
Sibling taxa
S. cossonii, S. scorpioides
Subordinate taxa
S. cossonii, S. revolvens, S. scorpioides
Synonyms Hypnum revolvens, Drepanocladus revolvens, D. revolvens var. miquelonensis, Limprichtia revolvens Hypnum subg. scorpidium, Limprichtia
Name authority (Swartz) Rubers: in A. Touw and W. V. Rubers, Nederl. Bladmoss., 380. (1989) (Schimper) Limpricht: Laubm. Deutschl. 3: 570. (1899)
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