Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani
Schoenoplectus triqueter
great bulrush, scirpe des étangs, soft-stem bulrush, soft-stem club-bulrush, tule
stream bank bulrush, streambank clubrush, three-side bulrush, triangular club-rush
3–10 mm diam.
1.5–5 mm diam.
cylindric, 0.5–3 m × 2–10 mm.
sharply trigonous, 0.5–1.5 m × 2–4 mm.
3–4, basal;
sheath fronts membranous-translucent, often pinnate-fibrillose;
blades 1–2, C-shaped to dorsiventrally flat in cross section, usually much shorter than sheath, distal blade 2–200 × 1–4 mm, margins often scabridulous.
3–4, basal, smooth;
sheath fronts not pinnate-fibrillose;
blades 1 or 2, thickly V-shaped in cross section, to equaling sheath length.
2–4 times branched, branches to 15(–25) cm;
proximal bract usually erect, thickly C-shaped to subterete, 1–8 cm, margins sometimes scabridulous.
1–2 timesbranched or subcapitate or of 1 spikelet, branches to 4 cm;
proximal bract usually erect, trigonous, 2–7 cm.
15–200, solitary or in clusters of 2–4(–7), commonly all solitary, 3–17 × 2.5–4 mm;
scales uniformly dark to pale orange-brown, sometimes straw-colored, sometimes prominently lineolate-spotted, midrib often pale or green, ovate, 2–3.5 × 1.5–2 mm, sparsely (rarely densely) reddish or straw-colored, scabrous on awn and distal parts of midrib and sometimes flanks, margins ciliate, hairs contorted;
flanks veinless, apex obtuse to rounded, notch 0.2–0.3 mm deep, awn straight or bent, 0.2–0.8 mm.
1–35, in clusters or solitary, 5–12 × 3–4 mm;
scales straw-colored to orange-brown or midrib greenish, usually clearly lineolate-spotted, ovate, 3–3.5 × 2.5 mm, flanks ribless, midrib proximally spinulose, apex acute to rounded, notch 0.3 mm deep, awn 0.3 mm, sparsely spinulose.
perianth bristles 6, brown, ± equaling achene, densely retrorsely spinulose;
anthers 2 mm;
styles 2-fid, sometimes 3-fid near spikelet apex.
perianth members 4–6, brown, bristlelike, equaling to less than 1/2 of achene body, retrorsely spinulose;
anthers 2 mm;
crest short, spinulose;
styles 2-fid.
dark gray-brown when ripe, plano-convex, obovoid, 1.5–2.8 × 1.2–1.7 mm;
beak 0.2–0.4 mm.
brown, biconvex, ovoid to obovoid, 2–2.5 × 1.5–2 mm;
beak 0.1–0.2 mm.
= 42.
= 42.
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani
Schoenoplectus triqueter
Two yellow-striped forms of Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani are grown as ornamentals.
Schoenoplectus validus, described from the Caribbean, and S. tabernaemontani, described from Europe, are here treated as one variable, cosmopolitan species without infraspecific taxa, pending further studies (J. Browning et al. 1995b; S. G. Smith 1995). Most North American plants have spikelets with reddish papillae or prickles on the scales, whereas some plants of coastal and boreal North America closely resemble most plants of northwestern Europe and southern Africa in their densely reddish prickly-papillose scales and are similar to the type of Scirpus glaucus J. E. Smith.
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, S. acutus, S. heterochaetus, S. lacustris, and S. triqueter belong to the very difficult S. lacustris complex. The entire complex except S. triqueter was treated as the single species Scirpus lacustris (T. Koyama 1962b). Many Old World authors treat Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani as S. lacustris var. tabernaemontani or subsp. glaucus.
Much of the local infraspecific variation in the Schoenoplectus lacustris complex is probably because of hybridization. Some studies support the recognition of separate species in this group (J. Browning et al. 1995b). Hybrids in North America include S. acutus × S. tabernaemontani, widespread and common, especially in the east; S. acutus × S. heterochaetus = S. ×oblongus (T. Koyama) Soják, widespread but uncommon; S. heterochaetus × S. tabernaemontani = S. ×steinmetzii (Fernald) S. G. Smith, eastern and most uncommon; S. tabernaemontani × S. triqueter = S. ×kuekenthalianus (Junge) Kent, lower Columbia River in Oregon and probably Washington; and S. acutus var. occidentalis × S. californicus, local in California. Except for its trigonous culms, S. triqueter is very similar to the S. lacustris complex and freely hybridizes with S. tabernaemontani, both in North America and Europe.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
In North America Schoenoplectus triqueter is known only from the tidal Columbia River system (B. W. Lightcap and A. E. Schuyler 1984), where it forms fertile hybrids with S. tabernaemontani [S. ×kuekenthalianus (Junge) D. H. Kent = Scirpus ×scheuchzeri Brugg]. Fertile hybrids between the same species also occur in Europe.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
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- Local floras: BC, CA, OR, WA
- Local Web sites: CalFlora, CalPhotos, Flora NW, PNW Herbaria
- WildflowerSearch
- iNaturalist (observations)
- USDA Plants Database
- LBJ Wildflower Center
- SEINet
- Plants of the World Online
- Encyclopedia of Life
- Wikipedia
- Google Image Search
