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black willow

Brewer's willow, serpentine willow

Habit Trees, 5–20+ m. Stems: branches highly brittle at base, red-brown to yellow-brown, glabrous; branchlets gray-brown to red-brown, glabrous or pilose to villous. Shrubs, 1–4 m. Stems: branches yellow-brown or red-brown, not or weakly glaucous, sparsely to densely tomentose; branchlets yellowish to yellow-brown, densely velvety, long-silky, or tomentose, (buds caprea-type or intermediate).
Leaves

stipules rudimentary or foliaceous on early ones, usually foliaceous on late ones, (glands few or absent adaxially), apex acuminate, acute, or rounded;

petiole (margins covering groove, with spherical glands distally), (2–)3–10(–15) mm, glabrous or pilose adaxially;

largest medial blade (sometimes amphistomatous), very narrowly elliptic, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, or linear to lorate, (50–)70–103(–190) × (6–)7.5–17(–23) mm, 6–13 times as long as wide, base cuneate to convex, margins serrulate, apex acuminate, acute, or caudate, abaxial surface (not glaucous), glabrous or pilose, hairs white or ferruginous, wavy, adaxial slightly glossy, glabrous or pilose (especially on midribs);

proximal blade margins serrulate;

juvenile blade glabrous or pilose abaxially, hairs white and/or ferruginous.

stipules rudimentary on early ones, foliaceous on late ones, apex acuminate, acute, or rounded;

petiole shallowly grooved adaxially, 3–7 mm, tomentose adaxially;

largest medial blade lorate, very narrowly elliptic, or oblanceolate, 58–144 × 11–30 mm, 2.8–7 times as long as wide, base convex or cuneate, margins slightly revolute, entire, irregularly serrate, serrulate, or sinuate, apex convex, acute, or acuminate, abaxial surface glaucous (sometimes obscured by hairs), sparsely to densely tomentose or woolly, hairs wavy, adaxial slightly glossy or dull, sparsely tomentose or villous;

proximal blade margins entire;

juvenile blade reddish or yellowish green, densely long-silky abaxially, hairs white or gray.

Staminate flowers

abaxial nectary 0.3–1 mm, adaxial nectary oblong to ovate, 0.2–0.6 mm, nectaries distinct or connate and shallowly cup-shaped;

stamens 4–6;

filaments hairy on proximal 1/2 or basally;

anthers 0.4–0.6 mm, (axes strongly recurved).

adaxial nectary very narrowly oblong, 0.8–1.4 mm;

filaments distinct or connate basally, glabrous;

anthers yellow, ellipsoid or globose, 0.4–0.6 mm.

Pistillate flowers

adaxial nectary oblong, (swollen), 0.2–0.5 mm;

stipe 0.5–1.5 mm;

ovary pyriform to obclavate, (rarely pilose), beak slightly bulged below styles;

ovules 12–16 per ovary;

styles 0.1–0.3 mm;

stigmas (sometimes 2 plump lobes), 0.2–0.28–0.36 mm.

(abaxial nectary rarely present), adaxial nectary narrowly oblong to oblong, 0.6–1.5 mm, longer than stipe, (nectaries distinct);

stipe 0–0.4 mm;

ovary squat, flask-shaped, very densely tomentose, beak abruptly tapering to styles;

ovules 4–12 per ovary;

styles (sometimes distinct), 0.4–0.8 mm;

stigmas flat, abaxially non-papillate with rounded tip, 0.16–0.24 mm.

Capsules

3–5 mm.

4–6 mm.

Catkins

staminate 35–83 × 7–13 mm, flowering branchlet 5–35 mm; pistillate 23–74(–80 in fruit) × 5–10 mm, flowering branchlet 6–35 mm;

floral bract 1–3 mm, apex acute or rounded, entire, abaxially sparsely hairy, hairs wavy; pistillate bract deciduous after flowering.

flowering before leaves emerge; staminate slender, stout, or subglobose, 12–47 × 7–12 mm, flowering branchlet 0–1 mm; pistillate moderately densely flowered, slender, 19–59(–80 in fruit) × 5–10 mm, flowering branchlet 0–1 mm;

floral bract tawny or light rose, 0.8–1.5 mm, apex rounded, abaxially hairy, hairs straight.

2n

= 38.

Salix nigra

Salix breweri

Phenology Flowering (south) early Feb-early May, (north) late Mar-early Jul. Flowering early Mar-mid Apr.
Habitat Floodplains, edges of ponds and lakes, swamps, marshes, white cedar bogs, wet meadows, open fields, roadside ditches, mixed upland deciduous woods along streams Streamshores, rocky or gravelly substrates, serpentine soils
Elevation 10-1400 m (0-4600 ft) 300-1300 m (1000-4300 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; ON; QC; Mexico (Chihuahua)
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Hybrids:

Salix nigra forms natural hybrids with S. alba, S. amygdaloides, S. caroliniana, S. gooddingii, and S. lucida.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Hybrids:

Salix breweri apparently hybridizes with S. lasiolepis. The plants in Yolo County have less hairy leaves, long petioles, and capsules that are relatively long and slender, glabrescent, and distinctly stipitate.

See 111. Salix delnortensis for a discussion of origin.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 7, p. 36. FNA vol. 7, p. 160.
Parent taxa Salicaceae > Salix > subg. Protitea > sect. Humboldtianae Salicaceae > Salix > subg. Vetrix > sect. Sitchenses
Sibling taxa
S. alaxensis, S. alba, S. amygdaloides, S. arbusculoides, S. arctica, S. arctophila, S. argyrocarpa, S. arizonica, S. athabascensis, S. atrocinerea, S. aurita, S. babylonica, S. ballii, S. barclayi, S. barrattiana, S. bebbiana, S. bonplandiana, S. boothii, S. brachycarpa, S. breweri, S. calcicola, S. candida, S. caprea, S. caroliniana, S. cascadensis, S. chamissonis, S. chlorolepis, S. cinerea, S. columbiana, S. commutata, S. cordata, S. daphnoides, S. delnortensis, S. discolor, S. drummondiana, S. eastwoodiae, S. elaeagnos, S. eriocephala, S. euxina, S. exigua, S. famelica, S. farriae, S. floridana, S. fuscescens, S. geyeriana, S. glauca, S. gooddingii, S. hastata, S. herbacea, S. hookeriana, S. humboldtiana, S. humilis, S. interior, S. irrorata, S. jejuna, S. jepsonii, S. laevigata, S. lasiandra, S. lasiolepis, S. lemmonii, S. ligulifolia, S. lucida, S. lutea, S. maccalliana, S. melanopsis, S. monochroma, S. monticola, S. myricoides, S. myrsinifolia, S. myrtillifolia, S. niphoclada, S. nivalis, S. nummularia, S. orestera, S. ovalifolia, S. pedicellaris, S. pellita, S. pentandra, S. petiolaris, S. petrophila, S. phlebophylla, S. planifolia, S. polaris, S. prolixa, S. pseudomonticola, S. pseudomyrsinites, S. pulchra, S. purpurea, S. pyrifolia, S. raupii, S. reticulata, S. richardsonii, S. rotundifolia, S. scouleriana, S. sericea, S. serissima, S. sessilifolia, S. setchelliana, S. silicicola, S. sitchensis, S. sphenophylla, S. stolonifera, S. taxifolia, S. thurberi, S. tracyi, S. triandra, S. turnorii, S. tweedyi, S. tyrrellii, S. uva-ursi, S. vestita, S. viminalis, S. wolfii, S. ×fragilis, S. ×jesupii, S. ×pendulina, S. ×sepulcralis, S. ×smithiana
S. alaxensis, S. alba, S. amygdaloides, S. arbusculoides, S. arctica, S. arctophila, S. argyrocarpa, S. arizonica, S. athabascensis, S. atrocinerea, S. aurita, S. babylonica, S. ballii, S. barclayi, S. barrattiana, S. bebbiana, S. bonplandiana, S. boothii, S. brachycarpa, S. calcicola, S. candida, S. caprea, S. caroliniana, S. cascadensis, S. chamissonis, S. chlorolepis, S. cinerea, S. columbiana, S. commutata, S. cordata, S. daphnoides, S. delnortensis, S. discolor, S. drummondiana, S. eastwoodiae, S. elaeagnos, S. eriocephala, S. euxina, S. exigua, S. famelica, S. farriae, S. floridana, S. fuscescens, S. geyeriana, S. glauca, S. gooddingii, S. hastata, S. herbacea, S. hookeriana, S. humboldtiana, S. humilis, S. interior, S. irrorata, S. jejuna, S. jepsonii, S. laevigata, S. lasiandra, S. lasiolepis, S. lemmonii, S. ligulifolia, S. lucida, S. lutea, S. maccalliana, S. melanopsis, S. monochroma, S. monticola, S. myricoides, S. myrsinifolia, S. myrtillifolia, S. nigra, S. niphoclada, S. nivalis, S. nummularia, S. orestera, S. ovalifolia, S. pedicellaris, S. pellita, S. pentandra, S. petiolaris, S. petrophila, S. phlebophylla, S. planifolia, S. polaris, S. prolixa, S. pseudomonticola, S. pseudomyrsinites, S. pulchra, S. purpurea, S. pyrifolia, S. raupii, S. reticulata, S. richardsonii, S. rotundifolia, S. scouleriana, S. sericea, S. serissima, S. sessilifolia, S. setchelliana, S. silicicola, S. sitchensis, S. sphenophylla, S. stolonifera, S. taxifolia, S. thurberi, S. tracyi, S. triandra, S. turnorii, S. tweedyi, S. tyrrellii, S. uva-ursi, S. vestita, S. viminalis, S. wolfii, S. ×fragilis, S. ×jesupii, S. ×pendulina, S. ×sepulcralis, S. ×smithiana
Synonyms S. nigra var. falcata, S. nigra var. lindheimeri
Name authority Marshall: Arbust. Amer., 139. (1785) Bebb: Willows Calif., 88. (1879)
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