Salix gooddingii |
Salix nigra |
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Goodding's black willow, Goodding's willow, Gooding's willow |
black willow |
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Habit | Trees, 3–30 m. Stems: branches flexible to ± brittle at base, yellow-brown to gray-brown, pubescent to glabrescent; branchlets usually yellowish or yellow-green, sometimes reddish brown, puberulent or pubescent to glabrescent. | Trees, 5–20+ m. Stems: branches highly brittle at base, red-brown to yellow-brown, glabrous; branchlets gray-brown to red-brown, glabrous or pilose to villous. |
Leaves | stipules broad rudiments or foliaceous on early ones, foliaceous on late ones, (glands numerous adaxially), apex rounded to convex; petiole (sometimes with spherical glands distally), 4–10 mm, pilose adaxially; largest medial blade (sometimes amphistomatous), narrowly elliptic, very broadly oblong, lorate, or linear, 67–130 × 9.5–16 mm, 4.7–12.4 times as long as wide, base cuneate to convex, margins serrulate to serrate, apex acuminate, caudate, or acute, abaxial surface (usually not glaucous, rarely thinly so), glabrous or puberulent, hairs wavy, adaxial slightly glossy, pilose to glabrescent; proximal blade margins entire or shallowly serrulate; juvenile blade sparsely velvety to pilose abaxially, hairs white. |
stipules rudimentary or foliaceous on early ones, usually foliaceous on late ones, (glands few or absent adaxially), apex acuminate, acute, or rounded; petiole (margins covering groove, with spherical glands distally), (2–)3–10(–15) mm, glabrous or pilose adaxially; largest medial blade (sometimes amphistomatous), very narrowly elliptic, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, or linear to lorate, (50–)70–103(–190) × (6–)7.5–17(–23) mm, 6–13 times as long as wide, base cuneate to convex, margins serrulate, apex acuminate, acute, or caudate, abaxial surface (not glaucous), glabrous or pilose, hairs white or ferruginous, wavy, adaxial slightly glossy, glabrous or pilose (especially on midribs); proximal blade margins serrulate; juvenile blade glabrous or pilose abaxially, hairs white and/or ferruginous. |
Staminate flowers | abaxial nectary (0.2–)0.3–0.6 mm, adaxial nectary square to ovate, 0.2–0.6 mm, nectaries distinct; stamens 4–6(–8); filaments (sometimes basally connate), hairy on proximal 1/2; anthers 0.4–0.5 mm, (axes straight). |
abaxial nectary 0.3–1 mm, adaxial nectary oblong to ovate, 0.2–0.6 mm, nectaries distinct or connate and shallowly cup-shaped; stamens 4–6; filaments hairy on proximal 1/2 or basally; anthers 0.4–0.6 mm, (axes strongly recurved). |
Pistillate flowers | adaxial nectary square (flattened), 0.2–0.6 mm; stipe 1.2–3.2 mm; ovary pyriform, (sometimes villous), beak slightly bulged or abruptly tapering to styles; ovules 12–18 per ovary; styles 0.1–0.3 mm; stigmas 0.2–0.29–0.32 mm. |
adaxial nectary oblong, (swollen), 0.2–0.5 mm; stipe 0.5–1.5 mm; ovary pyriform to obclavate, (rarely pilose), beak slightly bulged below styles; ovules 12–16 per ovary; styles 0.1–0.3 mm; stigmas (sometimes 2 plump lobes), 0.2–0.28–0.36 mm. |
Capsules | 6–7 mm. |
3–5 mm. |
Catkins | staminate 19–80 × 6–10 mm, flowering branchlet 2–23 mm; pistillate 23–82 × 6–15 mm, flowering branchlet 2–48 mm; floral bract 1.4–2.4 mm, apex acute or rounded, entire or toothed, abaxially sparsely to moderately densely hairy, hairs wavy; pistillate bract deciduous after flowering. |
staminate 35–83 × 7–13 mm, flowering branchlet 5–35 mm; pistillate 23–74(–80 in fruit) × 5–10 mm, flowering branchlet 6–35 mm; floral bract 1–3 mm, apex acute or rounded, entire, abaxially sparsely hairy, hairs wavy; pistillate bract deciduous after flowering. |
2n | = 38. |
= 38. |
Salix gooddingii |
Salix nigra |
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Phenology | Flowering late Mar–Jun. | Flowering (south) early Feb-early May, (north) late Mar-early Jul. |
Habitat | Riparian forests, springs, seepage areas, washes, meadows | Floodplains, edges of ponds and lakes, swamps, marshes, white cedar bogs, wet meadows, open fields, roadside ditches, mixed upland deciduous woods along streams |
Elevation | -40-500(-2500) m (-100-1600(-8200) ft) | 10-1400 m (0-4600 ft) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CO; NM; NV; OK; TX; UT; Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guerrero, Sinaloa, Sonora)
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AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; ON; QC; Mexico (Chihuahua)
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Discussion | Salix gooddingii and S. nigra are closely related and are sometimes treated as conspecific (C. R. Ball 1950). Salix gooddingii has yellow-brown or pale gray-brown branches, capsules 6–7 mm, and ovaries usually glabrous but pilose in ca. 20% of specimens. Salix nigra has red-brown to dark gray-brown branches, capsules 3–5 mm, and ovaries almost always glabrous. A single plant with pilose ovaries was found in Ontario, Canada; reports (W. A. Archer 1965) of S. nigra with hairy ovaries in Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Oklahoma, and Texas could not be confirmed. Ranges of these taxa overlap in west-central Texas, where there is evidence of intergradation; they rarely occur in the same population. The map by E. L. Little Jr. (1971), who treated them as conspecific, shows a significant range disjunction between the two. Catkins of Salix gooddingii flowering in March and early April are sometimes borne in leaf axils. This suggests that the sylleptic condition, typical of S. bonplandiana, is sometimes ecotypic. Hybrids: Salix gooddingii forms natural hybrids with S. amygdaloides and S. nigra. Hybrids with S. lasiandra have been reported (C. K. Schneider 1921); no convincing specimens have been seen. Salix gooddingii × S. laevigata: In Arizona, a population of young plants displays intermediate characteristics. They have leaf blades sparsely glaucous abaxially, as in S. laevigata, but narrow, often amphistomatous, and with petioles sometimes not glandular distally, as in S. gooddingii. Both parental species occur in the region. This hybrid was also reported by C. K. Schneider (1921) from California. Salix gooddingii × S. nigra: This hybrid may occur in western Texas where the parental species overlap. Some specimens from that area seem to be “intermediate” in branch color, but the differences are subtle. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Hybrids: Salix nigra forms natural hybrids with S. alba, S. amygdaloides, S. caroliniana, S. gooddingii, and S. lucida. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 36. | FNA vol. 7, p. 36. |
Parent taxa | Salicaceae > Salix > subg. Protitea > sect. Humboldtianae | Salicaceae > Salix > subg. Protitea > sect. Humboldtianae |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | S. gooddingii var. vallicola, S. gooddingii var. variabilis, S. nigra var. vallicola | S. nigra var. falcata, S. nigra var. lindheimeri |
Name authority | C. R. Ball: Bot. Gaz. 40: 376, plate 12, figs. 1, 2. (1905) | Marshall: Arbust. Amer., 139. (1785) |
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