Salix commutata |
Salix nigra |
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under-green willow, variable willow |
black willow |
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Habit | Plants 0.2–3 m. Stems: branches yellow-brown, gray-brown, or red-brown, not or weakly glaucous, pilose; branchlets yellow-green, yellow-brown, or red-brown, pilose to densely villous or woolly. | Trees, 5–20+ m. Stems: branches highly brittle at base, red-brown to yellow-brown, glabrous; branchlets gray-brown to red-brown, glabrous or pilose to villous. |
Leaves | stipules (sometimes marcescent), foliaceous, apex rounded or acute; petiole shallowly grooved or convex to flat adaxially, 1.5–11 mm, pilose or tomentose adaxially; largest medial blade (sometimes amphistomatous), narrowly oblong, oblong, elliptic, or broadly elliptic, 10–100 × 5–44 mm, 1.5–3.4 times as long as wide, base convex, rounded, subcordate, or cordate, margins flat or slightly revolute, entire or serrulate, apex acuminate, acute, or convex, abaxial surface not glaucous, moderately densely tomentose, villous, or pilose to glabrescent, hairs wavy or straight, adaxial dull or slightly glossy, pilose or moderately densely villous to glabrescent; proximal blade margins entire or shallowly serrulate; juvenile blade yellowish green, sparsely to densely long-silky-tomentose abaxially, hairs white. |
stipules rudimentary or foliaceous on early ones, usually foliaceous on late ones, (glands few or absent adaxially), apex acuminate, acute, or rounded; petiole (margins covering groove, with spherical glands distally), (2–)3–10(–15) mm, glabrous or pilose adaxially; largest medial blade (sometimes amphistomatous), very narrowly elliptic, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, or linear to lorate, (50–)70–103(–190) × (6–)7.5–17(–23) mm, 6–13 times as long as wide, base cuneate to convex, margins serrulate, apex acuminate, acute, or caudate, abaxial surface (not glaucous), glabrous or pilose, hairs white or ferruginous, wavy, adaxial slightly glossy, glabrous or pilose (especially on midribs); proximal blade margins serrulate; juvenile blade glabrous or pilose abaxially, hairs white and/or ferruginous. |
Staminate flowers | adaxial nectary oblong or square, 0.2–0.8 mm; filaments distinct, glabrous; anthers yellow or purple turning yellow, 0.4–1 mm. |
abaxial nectary 0.3–1 mm, adaxial nectary oblong to ovate, 0.2–0.6 mm, nectaries distinct or connate and shallowly cup-shaped; stamens 4–6; filaments hairy on proximal 1/2 or basally; anthers 0.4–0.6 mm, (axes strongly recurved). |
Pistillate flowers | adaxial nectary oblong, square, or ovate, 0.3–0.7 mm, shorter than stipe; stipe 0.3–2 mm; ovary pyriform or obclavate, glabrous, beak gradually to abruptly tapering to styles; ovules 10–28 per ovary; styles 0.5–1.5 mm; stigmas flat, abaxially non-papillate with rounded tip, broadly cylindrical, or 2 plump lobes, 0.16–0.34–0.4 mm. |
adaxial nectary oblong, (swollen), 0.2–0.5 mm; stipe 0.5–1.5 mm; ovary pyriform to obclavate, (rarely pilose), beak slightly bulged below styles; ovules 12–16 per ovary; styles 0.1–0.3 mm; stigmas (sometimes 2 plump lobes), 0.2–0.28–0.36 mm. |
Capsules | 3.5–8 mm. |
3–5 mm. |
Catkins | flowering as leaves emerge; staminate stout or subglobose, 15–37 × 8–20 mm, flowering branchlet 2–33 mm; pistillate densely or moderately densely flowered, slender, stout, or subglobose, 17–60 × 7–15 mm, flowering branchlet 3–15(–30) mm; floral bract tawny, brown, or bicolor, 1–3 mm, apex acute or rounded, abaxially hairy, hairs straight or wavy. |
staminate 35–83 × 7–13 mm, flowering branchlet 5–35 mm; pistillate 23–74(–80 in fruit) × 5–10 mm, flowering branchlet 6–35 mm; floral bract 1–3 mm, apex acute or rounded, entire, abaxially sparsely hairy, hairs wavy; pistillate bract deciduous after flowering. |
2n | = 38. |
= 38. |
Salix commutata |
Salix nigra |
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Phenology | Flowering late May-mid Aug. | Flowering (south) early Feb-early May, (north) late Mar-early Jul. |
Habitat | Rocky alpine and subalpine slopes, glacial moraine, open spruce woods, streamsides, gravel benches along streams, wet fens | Floodplains, edges of ponds and lakes, swamps, marshes, white cedar bogs, wet meadows, open fields, roadside ditches, mixed upland deciduous woods along streams |
Elevation | 0-2400 m (0-7900 ft) | 10-1400 m (0-4600 ft) |
Distribution |
AK; ID; MT; OR; WA; AB; BC; NT; SK; YT
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AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; ON; QC; Mexico (Chihuahua)
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Discussion | The rare occurrence in Salix commutata of plants with ovary indumentum composed of divergent, straight or wavy, flattened hairs may be hybrids with 53. S. eastwoodiae (see for discussion and comparison). Hybrids: Salix commutata forms natural hybrids with S. barclayi, S. barrattiana, and S. eastwoodiae. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Hybrids: Salix nigra forms natural hybrids with S. alba, S. amygdaloides, S. caroliniana, S. gooddingii, and S. lucida. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 105. | FNA vol. 7, p. 36. |
Parent taxa | Salicaceae > Salix > subg. Vetrix > sect. Hastatae | Salicaceae > Salix > subg. Protitea > sect. Humboldtianae |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | S. commutata var. denudata, S. commutata subsp. mixta, S. commutata var. puberula, S. commutata var. sericea | S. nigra var. falcata, S. nigra var. lindheimeri |
Name authority | Bebb: Bot. Gaz. 13: 110. (1888) | Marshall: Arbust. Amer., 139. (1785) |
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