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gray willow, large gray or gray willow, large gray willow

Columbia River willow

Habit Shrubs, 3–7 m. Stems: branches brownish, not glaucous, pilose, villous, or tomentose to glabrescent, (peeled wood with striae to 62 mm); branchlets yellow-brown, pilose, velvety, or densely villous. Shrubs, 2–6.5 m. Stems: branches red-brown, glabrous or hairy at nodes; branchlets yellow-brown or red-brown, pubescent, puberulent, or glabrous, (hairs appressed, straight or wavy).
Leaves

stipules rudimentary or foliaceous on early ones, foliaceous on late ones, apex acute or rounded;

petiole convex to flat adaxially, 4–15 mm, tomentose adaxially;

largest medial blade elliptic, broadly elliptic, oblanceolate, or obovate, 65–105 × 22–52 mm, 2–3 times as long as wide, base convex or cuneate, margins slightly revolute, entire, crenate, or sinuate, (glands submarginal), apex acuminate or convex, abaxial surface glaucous, tomentose, hairs erect or spreading, curly, adaxial dull or slightly glossy, pubescent or tomentose;

proximal blade margins entire;

juvenile blade yellowish green, sparsely to densely tomentose abaxially, hairs white.

stipules usually absent or rudimentary, sometimes foliaceous on early ones (apex acute), rudimentary or foliaceous on late ones;

petiole 2–5 mm, short-silky adaxially;

largest medial blade (sometimes hypostomatous, glands marginal), linear or very narrowly elliptic, 58–115 × 5–17 mm, 5.7–12.8 times as long as wide, base acute or cuneate, margins flat to slightly revolute, remotely spinulose-serrulate or sinuate, apex acuminate, abaxial surface glaucous (sometimes obscured by hairs), sparsely to very densely short- or long-silky, hairs appressed to slightly spreading, straight, adaxial dull, pubescent or long-silky;

proximal blade margins entire or remotely denticulate;

juvenile blade color obscured by hairs, densely short-silky abaxially.

Staminate flowers

adaxial nectary oblong or ovate, 0.5–1 mm;

filaments distinct, glabrous or hairy basally;

anthers yellow or purple turning yellow, ellipsoid or shortly cylindrical, 0.7–1 mm.

abaxial nectary 0.3–0.9 mm, adaxial nectary narrowly oblong, oblong, ovate, or flask-shaped, 0.5–1 mm, nectaries distinct or connate and shallowly cup-shaped;

filaments hairy on proximal 1/2, throughout, or basally;

anthers 0.8–1.3 mm.

Pistillate flowers

adaxial nectary oblong or square, 0.4–1 mm, shorter than stipe;

stipe 1.2–2.7 mm;

ovary pyriform, long-silky, beak slightly bulged below styles;

ovules 12 per ovary;

styles 0.2–0.5 mm;

stigmas slenderly or broadly cylindrical, 0.3–0.6 mm.

(abaxial nectary 0.3–0.4 mm), adaxial nectary narrowly oblong, ovate, or flask-shaped, 0.4–1.3 mm, longer than stipe, nectaries distinct or connate and shallowly or partially cup-shaped;

stipe 0.2–0.7 mm;

ovary pyriform, long-silky, beak abruptly tapering to styles;

ovules 18–30 per ovary;

styles 0.1–0.2(–0.4) mm;

stigmas flat, abaxially non-papillate with rounded tip, or broadly cylindrical, (0.3–)0.5–1.1 mm.

Capsules

5–5.6 mm.

3.4–5.6 mm.

Catkins

flowering before leaves emerge; staminate stout or subglobose, 26–39 × 12–26 mm, flowering branchlet 0–5 mm; pistillate densely flowered, stout or subglobose, 27–54(–75 in fruit) × 4–15 mm, flowering branchlet 1–5(–10) mm;

floral bract dark brown, black, or bicolor, 2–3 mm, apex acute or convex, abaxially hairy, hairs straight.

staminate 20–83 × 5–13 mm, flowering branchlet 6–125(–200) mm; pistillate densely to moderately densely flowered, slender or stout, 35–90 × 5–12 mm, flowering branchlet 11–160 mm;

floral bract 1.4–4 mm, apex acute, rounded, retuse, or truncate, entire or toothed, abaxially hairy throughout or proximally, hairs straight or wavy.

2n

= 76.

= 38.

Salix cinerea

Salix columbiana

Phenology Flowering mid Mar-late May. Flowering May-late Jul.
Habitat Stream shores, mesic woodlands, gravelly or sandy beaches, waste ground Riparian, sandy-silty to sandy gravel floodplains, old beach dunes, rocky fill along streams
Elevation 0-700 m (0-2300 ft) 5-40 m (0-100 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; CT; DC; GA; IA; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MO; NC; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; UT; VA; WI; WV; ON; Eurasia [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
OR; WA
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

The Ohio occurrence of Salix cinerea is based on information from T. Cooperrider (pers. comm.).

Salix cinerea and S. atrocinerea are very closely related. Their occurrence in the flora area, as naturalized introductions, is not well understood, probably because they usually are introduced under the name S. caprea, and that species often is not treated in North American floristic literature (e.g., C. K. Schneider 1921; M. L. Fernald 1950). They probably are introductions of long-standing brought to the New World for their value as ornamentals and bee-plants. Salix atrocinerea was first documented in the southeastern United States (G. W. Argus 1986) after plants with ferruginous hairs and prominently striate wood were found in North Carolina; since that time, it has been found in other states and provinces. In the northeastern states, S. atrocinerea and S. cinerea are thought to be invasive species. The species do reproduce by seed and hundreds of seedlings were observed in a drained reservoir (A. Zinovjev, pers. comm.) and on sandy pond shores (T. Rawinski, pers. comm.), where they are thought to compete with native species.

The presence of long, prominent, striae on the peeled wood of 4–5 year old branches is commonly used in European literature (K. H. Rechinger 1993; A. K. Skvortsov 1999) to separate Salix cinerea and S. atrocinerea from S. caprea etc., in which the wood is smooth or with fewer, shorter striae. In the flora area, long striae also occur in S. bebbiana, S. discolor, and S. humilis, but usually they are not as long as or as prominent in S. cinerea and S. atrocinerea. Some floras (e.g., F. Martini and P. Paiero 1988) use the relative prominence of striae to separate S. cinerea and S. atrocinerea, but their separation remains difficult. The presence of ferruginous hairs on the leaves of S. atrocinerea is the best diagnostic characteristic, but they are not always present or easily observed. For a comparison of these species, see the key to species under subg. Vetrix. For further discussion of morphologies, see Salix ×smithiana Willdenow [p. 132] and 76. S. discolor.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Hybrids:

Salix columbiana forms natural hybrids with S. exigua var. exigua and S. sessilifolia. Both hybrids are reported from Oregon and Washington (R. D. Dorn 1998).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 7, p. 132. FNA vol. 7, p. 59.
Parent taxa Salicaceae > Salix > subg. Vetrix > sect. Cinerella Salicaceae > Salix > subg. Longifoliae
Sibling taxa
S. alaxensis, S. alba, S. amygdaloides, S. arbusculoides, S. arctica, S. arctophila, S. argyrocarpa, S. arizonica, S. athabascensis, S. atrocinerea, S. aurita, S. babylonica, S. ballii, S. barclayi, S. barrattiana, S. bebbiana, S. bonplandiana, S. boothii, S. brachycarpa, S. breweri, S. calcicola, S. candida, S. caprea, S. caroliniana, S. cascadensis, S. chamissonis, S. chlorolepis, S. columbiana, S. commutata, S. cordata, S. daphnoides, S. delnortensis, S. discolor, S. drummondiana, S. eastwoodiae, S. elaeagnos, S. eriocephala, S. euxina, S. exigua, S. famelica, S. farriae, S. floridana, S. fuscescens, S. geyeriana, S. glauca, S. gooddingii, S. hastata, S. herbacea, S. hookeriana, S. humboldtiana, S. humilis, S. interior, S. irrorata, S. jejuna, S. jepsonii, S. laevigata, S. lasiandra, S. lasiolepis, S. lemmonii, S. ligulifolia, S. lucida, S. lutea, S. maccalliana, S. melanopsis, S. monochroma, S. monticola, S. myricoides, S. myrsinifolia, S. myrtillifolia, S. nigra, S. niphoclada, S. nivalis, S. nummularia, S. orestera, S. ovalifolia, S. pedicellaris, S. pellita, S. pentandra, S. petiolaris, S. petrophila, S. phlebophylla, S. planifolia, S. polaris, S. prolixa, S. pseudomonticola, S. pseudomyrsinites, S. pulchra, S. purpurea, S. pyrifolia, S. raupii, S. reticulata, S. richardsonii, S. rotundifolia, S. scouleriana, S. sericea, S. serissima, S. sessilifolia, S. setchelliana, S. silicicola, S. sitchensis, S. sphenophylla, S. stolonifera, S. taxifolia, S. thurberi, S. tracyi, S. triandra, S. turnorii, S. tweedyi, S. tyrrellii, S. uva-ursi, S. vestita, S. viminalis, S. wolfii, S. ×fragilis, S. ×jesupii, S. ×pendulina, S. ×sepulcralis, S. ×smithiana
S. alaxensis, S. alba, S. amygdaloides, S. arbusculoides, S. arctica, S. arctophila, S. argyrocarpa, S. arizonica, S. athabascensis, S. atrocinerea, S. aurita, S. babylonica, S. ballii, S. barclayi, S. barrattiana, S. bebbiana, S. bonplandiana, S. boothii, S. brachycarpa, S. breweri, S. calcicola, S. candida, S. caprea, S. caroliniana, S. cascadensis, S. chamissonis, S. chlorolepis, S. cinerea, S. commutata, S. cordata, S. daphnoides, S. delnortensis, S. discolor, S. drummondiana, S. eastwoodiae, S. elaeagnos, S. eriocephala, S. euxina, S. exigua, S. famelica, S. farriae, S. floridana, S. fuscescens, S. geyeriana, S. glauca, S. gooddingii, S. hastata, S. herbacea, S. hookeriana, S. humboldtiana, S. humilis, S. interior, S. irrorata, S. jejuna, S. jepsonii, S. laevigata, S. lasiandra, S. lasiolepis, S. lemmonii, S. ligulifolia, S. lucida, S. lutea, S. maccalliana, S. melanopsis, S. monochroma, S. monticola, S. myricoides, S. myrsinifolia, S. myrtillifolia, S. nigra, S. niphoclada, S. nivalis, S. nummularia, S. orestera, S. ovalifolia, S. pedicellaris, S. pellita, S. pentandra, S. petiolaris, S. petrophila, S. phlebophylla, S. planifolia, S. polaris, S. prolixa, S. pseudomonticola, S. pseudomyrsinites, S. pulchra, S. purpurea, S. pyrifolia, S. raupii, S. reticulata, S. richardsonii, S. rotundifolia, S. scouleriana, S. sericea, S. serissima, S. sessilifolia, S. setchelliana, S. silicicola, S. sitchensis, S. sphenophylla, S. stolonifera, S. taxifolia, S. thurberi, S. tracyi, S. triandra, S. turnorii, S. tweedyi, S. tyrrellii, S. uva-ursi, S. vestita, S. viminalis, S. wolfii, S. ×fragilis, S. ×jesupii, S. ×pendulina, S. ×sepulcralis, S. ×smithiana
Synonyms S. exigua var. columbiana
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 1021. (1753) (Dorn) Argus: Harvard Pap. Bot. 12: 359. (2007)
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