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Cascade willow, Cascades willow

least willow, round-leaf willow

Habit Plants 0.03–0.1 m, forming clones by rhizomes. Plants 0.005–0.05 m, (dwarf), forming clones by rhizomes.
Stems

erect or trailing;

branches yellow-brown or gray-brown, (sometimes weakly glaucous), glabrous;

branchlets yellow-green or yellow-brown, glabrous or puberulent.

erect;

branches yellow-green, yellow-brown, or gray-brown, glabrous;

branchlets yellow-brown or red-brown, glabrous;

branches and branchlets sometimes weakly glaucous.

Leaves

(marcescent);

stipules absent;

petiole 1.5–5 mm;

largest medial blade usually amphistomatous, narrowly elliptic or elliptic, 9–26 × 3.8–7.5 mm, 2.4–4.3 times as long as wide, base cuneate, margins flat, entire, ciliate, apex acute, acuminate, or convex, abaxial surface glabrous or pilose, hairs wavy, adaxial slightly glossy, glabrous or pilose;

proximal blade margins entire;

juvenile blade glabrous or sparsely villous abaxially.

(marcescent but not skeletonized), stipules usually absent or rudimentary, rarely present on late ones;

petiole (convex, or shallowly to deeply grooved, flat), 0.4–4.6(–5.5) mm, (glabrous adaxially);

largest medial blade (2 pairs of secondary veins arising at or close to base, arcing toward apex) broadly elliptic, subcircular, or circular, 1.9–16.3 × 3–10.5 mm, 0.84–1.17(–2.53) times as long as wide, base rounded or convex, margins flat, entire, ciliate, apex retuse, rounded, convex, or acute, abaxial surface glabrous, adaxial highly glossy, glabrous;

proximal blade margins entire;

juvenile blade glabrous or puberulent.

Staminate flowers

abaxial nectary (0–)0.2–0.6 mm, adaxial nectary oblong or square, 0.4–1.2 mm, nectaries distinct;

filaments distinct or basally connate;

anthers ellipsoid, 0.3–0.6 mm.

abaxial nectary 0.5–1 mm, adaxial nectary narrowly oblong or oblong, 0.8–1.4 mm, nectaries distinct;

filaments distinct or connate less than 1/2 their lengths, glabrous;

anthers ellipsoid or globose, 0.4–0.6 mm.

Pistillate flowers

adaxial nectary oblong or square, 0.5–1.2 mm, longer than stipe;

stipe 0–0.6 m;

ovary pyriform, usually densely villous, beak abruptly tapering to or slightly bulged below styles;

ovules 6–10 per ovary;

styles 0.3–1 mm;

stigmas slenderly cylindrical, 0.28–0.39–0.56 mm.

abaxial nectary present or absent, adaxial nectary usually narrowly oblong or oblong, sometimes flask-shaped, 0.8–2 mm, longer than stipe;

stipe 0.4–0.8 mm;

ovary pyriform, glabrous or puberulent, (hairs in patches, especially on beak), beak slightly bulged below styles;

ovules 7–17 per ovary;

styles connate or slightly distinct distally, 0.5–1 mm;

stigmas flat, abaxially non-papillate with pointed tip, or slenderly or broadly cylindrical, 0.28–0.6 mm.

Capsules

3.5–5 mm.

3.8–8.3 mm.

Catkins

staminate (20–50 flowers), 12.5–26.5 × 5.5–9 mm, flowering branchlet 1–11 mm; pistillate moderately densely to loosely flowered, (15–35(–43) flowers), stout or subglobose, 10–23(–30 in fruit) × 5–8 mm, flowering branchlet 2–9 mm;

floral bract brown, 1.6–2.6 mm, apex rounded, entire, abaxially sparsely hairy or ciliate, hairs wavy or straight.

from subterminal buds; staminate subglobose, stout, or indeterminate, 3.3–18.5 × 2.5–12 mm, flowering branchlet 0.5–9 mm; pistillate moderately densely to loosely flowered (2–15 flowers), stout, subglobose, globose, or indeterminate, 4.5–35 × 2–17 mm, flowering branchlet 0.5–22 mm;

floral bract brown, 1.6–2.8 mm, apex rounded or retuse, entire, abaxially sparsely hairy or ciliate, hairs usually wavy, crinkled or curly, rarely straight.

Salix cascadensis

Salix rotundifolia

Phenology Flowering early Jul-early Aug.
Habitat Mesic to dry rocky slopes, ridges, high subalpine and alpine tundra
Elevation 2200-3900 m (7200-12800 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CO; UT; WA; WY; BC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; MT; WY; NT; YT; e Asia
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

The morphological variability of Salix cascadensis is not well understood. Typically, it has leaves that are narrow, sharply pointed, and glaucous abaxially, catkins 15–43-flowered, dark brown floral bracts, and ovaries very densely hairy. Specimens with leaves not glaucous abaxially, catkins relatively few-flowered, and ovaries either sparsely hairy throughout, hairy only on beaks, or hairy in streaks, may be hybrids but the glabrous ovaried S. cascadensis var. thompsonii shows no obvious signs of hybridization.

Hybrids:

Salix cascadensis is suspected to hybridize with S. barclayi.

Salix cascadensis × S. rotundifolia var. dodgeana resembles the former in its narrow, acute to acuminate leaves and the latter in leaves not glaucous abaxially, tawny floral bracts, relatively short catkins, and glabrous ovaries. The catkins are intermediate in being 6–7-flowered.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Varieties 2 (2 in the flora).

Salix rotundifolia is closely related to S. polaris, from which it can be separated by its glabrous ovaries and fewer-flowered catkins. They also differ somewhat in leaf venation: S. rotundifolia typically having three main veins arising from the leaf base, often only one or two pair of secondary veins, and no or indistinct tertiary veins; S. polaris typically having pinnate venation, multiple secondary veins, and distinct tertiary veins. Salix rotundifolia consists of two varieties, the diploid var. dodgeana and the hexaploid var. rotundifolia. In general, var. dodgeana is a high alpine species in the southern cordillera of Wyoming and Montana, the St. Elias Mountains in Alaska and Yukon, the Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, and the Richardson Mountains, Yukon Territory. A diploid specimen of S. rotundifolia in the Cherski Mountains, Yakutia, Russia (B. A. Jurtzev and P. G. Zhukova 1982), which fits var. dodgeana in its 2–3-flowered catkins, relatively small leaves (3.5 × 3.9 mm), and small stomata (490 µm2), may represent an ancestral population. Variety rotundifolia usually occurs at lower elevations in Alaska and in easternmost Chukotka and Wrangel Island, Russia, but elevation separation is not distinct. There is a general correlation between stomatal size and ploidal level (W. Buechler, pers. comm.), but relatively large stomata in some diploid specimens of S. rotundifolia indicates a need for further cytological study. For the present, it is best to recognize the two cytotypes as varieties.

Hybrids:

Salix rotundifolia forms natural hybrids with S. arctica, S. phlebophylla, and S. polaris.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Pistillate catkins: (3-)4-7-15 flowers; largest medial blades 4.5-8-16.3 mm, 0.92-1.23-2.27 times as long as wide; petioles 0.5-2-4.6 (-5.5) mm; floral bracts: hairs usually wavy, some straight, curly, or crinkled, exceeding bract by 0.32-0.71-1.25(-2.4) mm; pistillate flowers: abaxial nectaries present or absent; 2n = 114.
var. rotundifolia
1. Pistillate catkins: 2-4-9 flowers; largest medial blades 2.9-6.1-7.4 mm, 0.84-1.5-2.2 times as long as wide; petioles 0.4-1.1-2.8 mm; floral bracts: hairs usually wavy, crinkled, or curly, rarely straight, exceeding bract by 0.1-0.37-0.75 mm; pistillate flowers: abaxial nectaries absent; 2n = 38.
var. dodgeana
Source FNA vol. 7, p. 82. FNA vol. 7, p. 69.
Parent taxa Salicaceae > Salix > subg. Chamaetia > sect. Diplodictyae Salicaceae > Salix > subg. Chamaetia > sect. Herbella
Sibling taxa
S. alaxensis, S. alba, S. amygdaloides, S. arbusculoides, S. arctica, S. arctophila, S. argyrocarpa, S. arizonica, S. athabascensis, S. atrocinerea, S. aurita, S. babylonica, S. ballii, S. barclayi, S. barrattiana, S. bebbiana, S. bonplandiana, S. boothii, S. brachycarpa, S. breweri, S. calcicola, S. candida, S. caprea, S. caroliniana, S. chamissonis, S. chlorolepis, S. cinerea, S. columbiana, S. commutata, S. cordata, S. daphnoides, S. delnortensis, S. discolor, S. drummondiana, S. eastwoodiae, S. elaeagnos, S. eriocephala, S. euxina, S. exigua, S. famelica, S. farriae, S. floridana, S. fuscescens, S. geyeriana, S. glauca, S. gooddingii, S. hastata, S. herbacea, S. hookeriana, S. humboldtiana, S. humilis, S. interior, S. irrorata, S. jejuna, S. jepsonii, S. laevigata, S. lasiandra, S. lasiolepis, S. lemmonii, S. ligulifolia, S. lucida, S. lutea, S. maccalliana, S. melanopsis, S. monochroma, S. monticola, S. myricoides, S. myrsinifolia, S. myrtillifolia, S. nigra, S. niphoclada, S. nivalis, S. nummularia, S. orestera, S. ovalifolia, S. pedicellaris, S. pellita, S. pentandra, S. petiolaris, S. petrophila, S. phlebophylla, S. planifolia, S. polaris, S. prolixa, S. pseudomonticola, S. pseudomyrsinites, S. pulchra, S. purpurea, S. pyrifolia, S. raupii, S. reticulata, S. richardsonii, S. rotundifolia, S. scouleriana, S. sericea, S. serissima, S. sessilifolia, S. setchelliana, S. silicicola, S. sitchensis, S. sphenophylla, S. stolonifera, S. taxifolia, S. thurberi, S. tracyi, S. triandra, S. turnorii, S. tweedyi, S. tyrrellii, S. uva-ursi, S. vestita, S. viminalis, S. wolfii, S. ×fragilis, S. ×jesupii, S. ×pendulina, S. ×sepulcralis, S. ×smithiana
S. alaxensis, S. alba, S. amygdaloides, S. arbusculoides, S. arctica, S. arctophila, S. argyrocarpa, S. arizonica, S. athabascensis, S. atrocinerea, S. aurita, S. babylonica, S. ballii, S. barclayi, S. barrattiana, S. bebbiana, S. bonplandiana, S. boothii, S. brachycarpa, S. breweri, S. calcicola, S. candida, S. caprea, S. caroliniana, S. cascadensis, S. chamissonis, S. chlorolepis, S. cinerea, S. columbiana, S. commutata, S. cordata, S. daphnoides, S. delnortensis, S. discolor, S. drummondiana, S. eastwoodiae, S. elaeagnos, S. eriocephala, S. euxina, S. exigua, S. famelica, S. farriae, S. floridana, S. fuscescens, S. geyeriana, S. glauca, S. gooddingii, S. hastata, S. herbacea, S. hookeriana, S. humboldtiana, S. humilis, S. interior, S. irrorata, S. jejuna, S. jepsonii, S. laevigata, S. lasiandra, S. lasiolepis, S. lemmonii, S. ligulifolia, S. lucida, S. lutea, S. maccalliana, S. melanopsis, S. monochroma, S. monticola, S. myricoides, S. myrsinifolia, S. myrtillifolia, S. nigra, S. niphoclada, S. nivalis, S. nummularia, S. orestera, S. ovalifolia, S. pedicellaris, S. pellita, S. pentandra, S. petiolaris, S. petrophila, S. phlebophylla, S. planifolia, S. polaris, S. prolixa, S. pseudomonticola, S. pseudomyrsinites, S. pulchra, S. purpurea, S. pyrifolia, S. raupii, S. reticulata, S. richardsonii, S. scouleriana, S. sericea, S. serissima, S. sessilifolia, S. setchelliana, S. silicicola, S. sitchensis, S. sphenophylla, S. stolonifera, S. taxifolia, S. thurberi, S. tracyi, S. triandra, S. turnorii, S. tweedyi, S. tyrrellii, S. uva-ursi, S. vestita, S. viminalis, S. wolfii, S. ×fragilis, S. ×jesupii, S. ×pendulina, S. ×sepulcralis, S. ×smithiana
Subordinate taxa
S. rotundifolia var. dodgeana, S. rotundifolia var. rotundifolia
Synonyms S. tenera, S. cascadensis var. thompsonii
Name authority Cockerell: Muhlenbergia 3: 9. (1907) Trautvetter: Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 2: 304, plate 11. (1832)
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