Salicornia maritima
Salicornia
sea glasswort, slender glasswort
glasswort, pickleweed, saltwort, samphire
procumbent to erect, infrequently prostrate, green, often becoming red or purple, especially at apex of segments, around flowers, and at sepal tips, simple or with primary and secondary branches, rarely with tertiary branches except when damaged, 5–26 cm, ultimate branches usually short;
leaf and bract apices obtuse to subacute, not mucronate.
prostrate to erect, simple to many-branched, apparently jointed and fleshy when young, becoming not jointed and somewhat woody with age.
opposite, connate basally, sessile, decurrent portions forming fleshy segments enclosing stem, fleshy;
blade reduced to fleshy scales, margins entire, narrow, scarious.
spikes, terminal on each stem, apparently jointed, each joint (fertile segment) consisting of 2 axillary, opposite, usually 3-flowered cymes embedded in and adherent to fleshy tissue of distal internode;
flowers in each cyme arranged in triangle, the 2 lateral flowers meeting beneath central flower, flowers separated by persistent flaps of internodal tissue.
± torulose, 0.7–5 cm, with (3–)5–10(–14) fertile segments;
bracts covering only base of cymes.
usually bisexual, ± radially symmetric;
perianth segments persistent in fruit, usually 3, connate except for extreme tips, fleshy;
stamens (0–)1–2;
styles 2.
utriclelike;
pericarp membranous.
vertical, ellipsoid;
seed coat yellowish brown, thin, membranous, hairy;
perisperm absent.
segments (2d–4th in main spikes) 2.9–5.2 × 2.4–4(–4.3) mm, usually slightly longer than wide, widest distally, margins 0.2–0.3 mm wide, scarious.
flowers semicircular distally, 1.5–2.6 × 1.4–2.4 mm, usually longer than wide, usually larger than lateral flowers and not reaching top of segment;
anthers commonly not exserted, (0.1–)0.2–0.3 mm, usually dehiscing within flowers.
= 9.
= 18.
Salicornia maritima
Salicornia
Salicornia maritima was treated by P. C. Standley (1916) as S. prostrata, although his circumscription included only prostrate and procumbent individuals. He appears to have included erect plants in S. europaea. Salicornia prostrata is a Eurasian species which occurs mostly in inland habitats in its native range.
The populations identified as Salicornia maritima from James Bay, in Ontario and Quebec, are morphologically similar to those from the Atlantic Coast, but their isozyme profile is identical to that of S. rubra. The report of S. maritima from Maine is based on Standley’s citation of S. prostrata, but it requires confirmation. The species occurs in New Brunswick adjacent to the Maine border.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Species ca. 10 (4 in the flora).
Salicornia is occasionally utilized as a vegetable in Europe, especially the tetraploid species. The seeds are rich in oils and experimental trials have been undertaken in the southwestern United States to harvest tetraploid species, especially S. bigelovii, on a large scale as a commercial source of vegetable oils.
Because of the succulence of the plants and the highly reduced morphology, it has been difficult to develop a satisfactory taxonomy of the genus. Dried specimens often cannot be determined with certainty, and are of little use in taxonomic studies owing to the loss of characteristics on drying. Salicornia is also difficult to cultivate satisfactorily because the plants appear to require a limited amount of salt and, the tetraploids in particular, occasional submersion in water, although they do not grow well in permanently waterlogged soils.
R. L. Jefferies and L. D. Gottlieb (1982) and S. L. Wolff and R. L. Jefferies (1987, 1987b), using isozyme data, have shown that the diploid taxa are largely homozygous inbreeding lines. There is for the most part good correlation between morphological and isozyme data, but it must be emphasized that the geographical coverage and the number of populations studied are limited.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Leaf and bract apices acute and sharply mucronate; bracts almost obscuring cymes | S. bigelovii |
1. Leaf and bract apices obtuse to subacute, not mucronate; bracts covering only bases of cymes | → 2 |
2. Fertile segments ± cylindric; anthers all exserted, dehiscing after exsertion | S. depressa |
2. Fertile segments widest distally; anthers commonly not exserted, mostly dehiscing within flower | → 3 |
3. Anthers (0.1-)0.2-0.3 mm; coastal | S. maritima |
3. Anthers (0.2-)0.3-0.4 mm; inland | S. rubra |
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