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quillwort arrowhead

bulltongue, bulltongue arrowhead, scythefruit arrowhead

Habit Herbs, perennial, to 65 cm; rhizomes absent; stolons present; corms present. Herbs, perennial, to 2 m; rhizomes coarse; stolons absent; corms absent.
Leaves

emersed or submersed, phyllodial or rarely dilated apically, flattened, 4–40 cm × 0.05–0.4(–0.5) cm.

emersed;

petiole terete, 44–58 cm;

blade linear to ovate or elliptic, 20.3–35 × 0.7–16 cm.

Inflorescences

racemes, of 1–5 whorls, emersed, 2–20 × 1.5–12 cm;

peduncles 7–59 cm;

bracts connate more than or equal to ¼ total length, oblanceolate, 0.2–0.3 mm, delicate, not papillose; fruiting pedicels spreading, cylindric, 0.5–6 cm.

racemes or panicles, of 6–13 whorls, emersed, 16–72 × 19–60 cm;

peduncles 75–125.5 cm;

bracts connate more than or equal to ¼ total length, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3–32 mm, coarse, papillose or not; fruiting pedicels spreading, cylindric, 0.6–3.8 cm.

Flowers

to 1.3 cm diam.;

sepals recurved to spreading, not enclosing flower;

filaments dilated, shorter than anthers, minutely tomentose;

pistillate pedicellate, without ring of sterile stamens.

to 3.3 cm diam.;

sepals recurved to spreading, not enclosing flower or fruiting head;

filaments cylindric, longer than anthers, pubescent;

pistillate pedicellate, without ring of sterile stamens.

Fruiting

heads 0.5–1 cm diam.;

achenes obovoid, abaxially keeled, 2.2–2.8 × 1.5–2 mm, beaked;

faces not tuberculate, wings 1–2, ± entire, glands 3–5;

beak lateral, incurved-erect, 0.2 mm.

heads 0.5–1.2 cm diam.;

achenes oblanceoloid, abaxially keeled, 1.6–2.5 × 0.8–1.1 mm, beaked;

faces not tuberculate, wings absent, glands 1;

beak lateral, erect, 0.3–0.7 mm.

Sagittaria isoetiformis

Sagittaria lancifolia

Phenology Flowering summer–fall.
Habitat Shores of sandy-bottomed lakes, se coastal plain
Elevation 0–100 m (0–300 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; FL; GA; NC; SC
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; FL; GA; LA; MS; NC; SC; TX; VA; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Sagittaria isoetiformis has often been misidentified as Sagittaria teres (E. O. Beal 1960b). The two species can be separated, however: S. teres has nearly terete phyllodia, whereas S. isoetiformis has flattened phyllodia (R. K. Godfrey and P. Adams 1964). A study of the genetics of the two species shows them to be genetically different, and the data indicate the two taxa actually should be considered at the specific level. The two species are capable of CAM photosynthesis, a process very uncommon in the genus and found among none of their supposedly closely related species (A. L. Edwards, pers. comm.).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Bracts and sepals striate to ribbed; leaves linear to ovate
subsp. lancifolia
1. Bracts and sepals papillose; leaves lanceolate to broadly ovate
subsp. media
Source FNA vol. 22. FNA vol. 22.
Parent taxa Alismataceae > Sagittaria Alismataceae > Sagittaria
Sibling taxa
S. ambigua, S. australis, S. brevirostra, S. cristata, S. cuneata, S. demersa, S. engelmanniana, S. fasciculata, S. filiformis, S. graminea, S. guayanensis, S. kurziana, S. lancifolia, S. latifolia, S. longiloba, S. montevidensis, S. papillosa, S. platyphylla, S. rigida, S. sanfordii, S. secundifolia, S. subulata, S. teres
S. ambigua, S. australis, S. brevirostra, S. cristata, S. cuneata, S. demersa, S. engelmanniana, S. fasciculata, S. filiformis, S. graminea, S. guayanensis, S. isoetiformis, S. kurziana, S. latifolia, S. longiloba, S. montevidensis, S. papillosa, S. platyphylla, S. rigida, S. sanfordii, S. secundifolia, S. subulata, S. teres
Subordinate taxa
S. lancifolia subsp. lancifolia, S. lancifolia subsp. media
Name authority J. G. Smith: Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 6:115, plate 53. (1895) Linnaeus: Syst. Nat. ed. 10 2: 1270. (1759)
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