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curled dock, curly dock, patience crépue, reguette, rumex crépu, sour dock, yellow dock

field dock, Finnish dock, rumex de finlande

Habit Plants perennial, occasionally biennial, glabrous or very indistinctly papillose normally only on veins of leaf blades abaxially, with fusiform, vertical rootstock. Plants perennial, glabrous or very indistinctly papillose normally only on branches of inflorescences, or on veins of leaf blades abaxially, with fusiform, vertical rootstock.
Stems

erect, branched distal to middle, 40–100(–150) cm.

erect, branched from above middle, 50–120(–150) cm.

Leaves

ocrea deciduous, rarely partially persistent at maturity;

blade lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate-linear, normally 15–30(–35) × 2–6 cm, base cuneate, truncate, or weakly cordate, margins entire to subentire, strongly crisped and undulate, apex acute.

ocrea deciduous or partially persistent at maturity;

blade lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate-linear, normally 15–30 × 1–4 cm, apex acute.

Inflorescences

terminal, occupying distal 1/2 of stem, dense or interrupted at base, narrowly to broadly paniculate, branches usually straight or arcuate.

terminal, occupying distal 1/2 of stem, normally dense in distal part and interrupted at base, narrowly paniculate, branches usually straight or slightly arcuate.

Pedicels

articulated in proximal 1/3, filiform, (3–)4–8 mm, articulation distinctly swollen.

articulated in proximal 1/3, filiform, 4–9 mm, articulation distinctly swollen.

Flowers

10–25 in whorls;

inner tepals orbiculate-ovate or ovate-deltoid, 3.5–6 × 3–5 mm, base truncate or subcordate, margins entire or subentire to very weakly erose, flat, apex obtuse or subacute;

tubercles normally 3, rarely 1 or 2, unequal, at least 1 distinctly larger, more than (1–)1.5 mm wide.

15–25 in whorls, inner tepals orbiculate, ovate-orbiculate, or indistinctly reniform, 3.5–5(–6) × 3–5 mm, base slightly cordate, margins entire or rarely subentire to very weakly erose, undulate or nearly flat, apex obtuse or rounded, occasionally subacute;

tubercles normally absent, sometimes with 1 indistinct tubercle or slightly thickened midvein less than 1–1.3 mm wide, normally less than 2 times as wide as inner tepals.

Achenes

usually reddish brown, 2–3 × 1.5–2 mm.

usually reddish brown, 2–2.5 × 1–1.5 mm.

2n

= 60.

= 40.

Rumex crispus

Rumex pseudonatronatus

Phenology Flowering late spring–early fall. Flowering late spring–summer.
Habitat Very broad range of ruderal, segetal, and seminatural habitats, disturbed soil, waste places, cultivated fields, roadsides, meadows, shores of water bodies, edges of woods Ruderal and alluvial habitats, slightly saline soil, waste places, roadsides, shores of rivers and lakes, meadows, cultivated fields
Elevation 0-2500 m (0-8200 ft) 10-1000 m (0-3300 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; SPM; Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced almost worldwide]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
MN; ND; SD; AB; BC; MB; ON; SK; YT; e Europe; c Asia (Siberia) [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Rumex crispus (belonging to subsect. Crispi Rechinger f.; see K. H. Rechinger 1937) is the most widespread and ecologically successful species of the genus, occuring almost worldwide as a completely naturalized and sometimes invasive alien. It has not been reported from Greenland, but it probably occurs there.

Rumex crispus hybridizes with many other species of subg. Rumex. Hybrids with R. obtusifolius (Rumex ×pratensis Mertens & Koch) are the most common in the genus, at least in Europe, and have been reported for several localities in North America. Rumex crispus × R. patientia (Rumex ×confusus Simonkai) was reported from New York. According to R. S. Mitchell (1986, p. 47), “this hybrid is now spreading along highway shoulders, and it has replaced R. crispus in some local areas.” However, that information should be confirmed by more detailed studies since spontaneous hybrids between species of sect. Rumex usually are much less fertile and ecologically successful than the parental species. Hybrids of Rumex occuring in North America need careful revision.

Numerous infraspecific taxa and even segregate species have been described in the Rumex crispus aggregate. Many seem to represent minor variation of little or no taxonomic significance, but some are geographically delimited entities that may deserve recognition as subspecies or varieties. The typical variety has inner tepals with three well-developed tubercles; the less common var. unicallosus Petermann, with one tubercle, occurs sporadically in North America.

Some eastern Asian plants differ from typical Rumex crispus is having somewhat smaller inner tepals, longer pedicels, lax inflorescences with remote whorls, and narrower leaves that are almost flat or indistinctly undulate at the margins. These plants, originally described as R. fauriei Rechinger f., are now treated as R. crispus subsp. fauriei (Rechinger f.) Mosyakin & W. L. Wagner; the subspecies was recently reported from Hawaii (S. L. Mosyakin and W. L. Wagner 1998) and may be expected as introduced in western North America.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Rumex pseudonatronatus often is confused with R. longifolius and R. crispus.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 5, p. 522. FNA vol. 5, p. 522.
Parent taxa Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Rumex > subg. Rumex > sect. Rumex Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Rumex > subg. Rumex > sect. Rumex
Sibling taxa
R. acetosa, R. acetosella, R. alpinus, R. altissimus, R. arcticus, R. beringensis, R. britannica, R. brownii, R. bucephalophorus, R. californicus, R. chrysocarpus, R. confertus, R. conglomeratus, R. crassus, R. cristatus, R. cuneifolius, R. densiflorus, R. dentatus, R. ellipticus, R. fascicularis, R. floridanus, R. fueginus, R. graminifolius, R. hastatulus, R. hesperius, R. hymenosepalus, R. kerneri, R. krausei, R. lacustris, R. lapponicus, R. longifolius, R. maritimus, R. mexicanus, R. nematopodus, R. obovatus, R. obtusifolius, R. occidentalis, R. orthoneurus, R. pallidus, R. palustris, R. paraguayensis, R. patientia, R. paucifolius, R. persicarioides, R. praecox, R. pseudonatronatus, R. pulcher, R. pycnanthus, R. salicifolius, R. sanguineus, R. sibiricus, R. spiralis, R. stenophyllus, R. subarcticus, R. thyrsiflorus, R. tomentellus, R. transitorius, R. triangulivalvis, R. utahensis, R. venosus, R. verticillatus, R. violascens
R. acetosa, R. acetosella, R. alpinus, R. altissimus, R. arcticus, R. beringensis, R. britannica, R. brownii, R. bucephalophorus, R. californicus, R. chrysocarpus, R. confertus, R. conglomeratus, R. crassus, R. crispus, R. cristatus, R. cuneifolius, R. densiflorus, R. dentatus, R. ellipticus, R. fascicularis, R. floridanus, R. fueginus, R. graminifolius, R. hastatulus, R. hesperius, R. hymenosepalus, R. kerneri, R. krausei, R. lacustris, R. lapponicus, R. longifolius, R. maritimus, R. mexicanus, R. nematopodus, R. obovatus, R. obtusifolius, R. occidentalis, R. orthoneurus, R. pallidus, R. palustris, R. paraguayensis, R. patientia, R. paucifolius, R. persicarioides, R. praecox, R. pulcher, R. pycnanthus, R. salicifolius, R. sanguineus, R. sibiricus, R. spiralis, R. stenophyllus, R. subarcticus, R. thyrsiflorus, R. tomentellus, R. transitorius, R. triangulivalvis, R. utahensis, R. venosus, R. verticillatus, R. violascens
Synonyms Lapathum crispum R. domesticus var. pseudonatronatus, R. fennicus, R. pseudonatronatus subsp. fennicus
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 335. (1753) (Borbás) Murbeck: Bot. Not. 1899: 16. (1899)
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